Jake Plante

1
EnvironmentalSeminar

• Jake Plante
• Office of Airports
• Planning and EnvironmentalDivision

George MasonUniversity September 27, 2007
2
(No Transcript)
3
The NEPA UmbrellaFAA Orders 1050 5050

NEPA
Section 106
CAA
CWA
Wetlands
These are only 5 of the gt20 laws we examine for
airport environmental review purposes.
4
THE NEPA UMBRELLAWHEN WE FAIL TO COMPLETE
INTERDISCIPLINARY ANALYSIS!

1. Approvals delayed!
2. Projects delayed!
3. We didnt do OUR job!

5
Over 20 Special Purpose Laws and other Airport
Requirements

• AIRFA Archeological and Historic Preservation
• Clean Water/ Clean Air Coastal barrier/zone
• ESA FWCA
• Executive Orders Farmland Protection
• Marine Mammal Pro. Magnuson-Stevens
• NAGPRA Section 6(f) of LWCF
• Section 106 of NHPA Section 303c(4f)
• Section 47106c of 49 USC Wild and Scenic Rivers
• Uniform Relocation Real Property
• DOT Orders
• FAA Orders

6
Topics
Airport Emissions
Airport Noise
Noise Over Parks
7
Aviation Noise Analysis
Standard Methodologies for Many Concerns
SAE A21
ICAO CAEP
FICAN
AIRPORTS INM, AEM, MAGENTA
AIRSPACE INM, NIRS, ATNS
NAT. PARKS INM
INM Integrated Noise Model AEM Area
Equivalent Method ATNS AT noise screening
NIRS Noise Impact Routing System MAGENTA
Global/national airport modeling
8
U.S. Population Exposed to DNL 65dB
750
610
465
202
375
300
MILLION
ENPLANEMENTS
5.2
3.4
2.7
0.6
POPULATION
1.7
YEARS
9
Data Layers

• INM tracks and contours
• Census data
• Airports, runways, navaids
• Airport layouts (CAD)
• Topography (USGS)
• Radar (ARTS)
• Special points and grids

10
(No Transcript)
11
A-weighted and Tone-Corrected Perceived Families
(not C-weightedor frequency-based)
Multiplier (Operations) Time Day Evening
Night (Hr.) 1 1 10
24 1 3 10 24 1
1 1 24 1 1
0 15 0 0
1 9 a b c
T 1 1 16.7 24 1
3 10 24 a b
c T
DNL
CNEL
LMAX
Leq
SEL
Leq-Day
TA
Leq-Night
User-Defined
PNLTmax
NEF
EPNL
WECPNL
TA
User-Defined
12
Effects Driven Use of Supplemental Metrics

• Annoyance (e.g., cumulative energy metrics)
• Speech interference (60-65 dB)
• Sleep disturbance (e.g., single events, loudness)
• Schools and learning (e.g., number of events
  above)
• Health (single events, loudness)
• Rattle (low-frequency)
• Visitor experience and enjoyment (e.g.,
  time-based)
• Visual intrusiveness (number of events)

13
Noise Abatement Departure Procedures
14
Noise Over Parks
15
(No Transcript)
16

• Southern Nevada Supplemental Airport EIS
• Mesquite EIS
• Mammoth Lakes EIS
• St. George EIS (ROD)
• Flagstaff EA (ROD)
• Taos EIS
• Homestead EIS (DOD ROD) Retained airfield but
  transferred remainder to Dade County for economic
  development
• Grand Canyon
• Air Tour Management Studies

17

• Step 1 Noise screening assessment and regional
  inventory of National Parks and other
  sensitive 4(f) park properties
• Step 2 Consultation with resource agencies
• Step 3 Development of a noise protocol for the
  main noise analysis (approved by AEE)
• Step 4 Noise measurements (if required)
• Step 5 Main noise analysis

18

• Purpose
• To share planning assumptions
• To develop an initial study area
• To determine need for ambient noise measurements
• To base discussions with resource agencies on
  facts
• Possible screening conclusions by park
• No further analysis
• Qualitative or descriptive analysis
• Quantitative analysis by modeling,
  statistical,or other information
  techniques(with or without field measurements)

19

• Send results of screening assessment to
  Cooperating Agencies, regional resource
  agencies, Tribes, and individual parks
• Qualify results as initial
• Level of follow-up consultationsare based on
  findings
• Purpose
• To elicit outstanding concerns
• To identify gaps in existing data
• Data development
• Need for noise measurements?
• Appropriate level of analysis?
• Forecasts of air tour and low-altitude VFR
  traffic

20

• Develop noise protocol for main noise analysis
• Submit to APP-400 AEEfor approval
• Contents
• Scope
• Methodology, metrics, criteria
• Ambient field measurements?
• How analysis will be presented
• Any modifications to the guidance

21
(No Transcript)
22
St. George EIS Zion NP Existing Acoustic Zone
Map
23
A complete or comprehensive analysis that may
include

• A new scope (AI)
• More refined receptor locations (grid points)
• Project and cumulative analysis
• e.g., Military and en route operations
• Use of radar data for track dispersion and
  local (non-standard) aircraft profiles
• Variable park ambient levels (ambient maps)
• Other supplemental metrics
• e.g., Number of Events Above, Audibility (TAUD)

24
Audibility - Look before you leap!
25
Airport Emissions
26
Air Quality Issues

• Increased public awareness of air issues
  e.g., global warming and HAPs
• Greater focus on aviation
• EPA and State regulators
• Europe (e.g., market-based fees)

Air quality is likely to become a larger
constraint in project schedules and project
approvals!
27
CAA Required
Not Required
Haze
Contrails
Global WarmingClimate Change
HumanHealth(NAAQS)
Effects
Soot(health)
Ozone (smog)
CO
Air Toxics
CriteriaPollutants
CO256 Methane 18 CFCs 13 Ozone 7 NOx6
PM10
PM2.5
10 airportpriorities, e.g.,- Benzene-
Formaldehyde- Acrolein
- NOx- VOCs
- SO2- NOx- VOCs- Ammonia
Lead
NO2
SO2
- 21 MSATs- 188 EPA total
28
Clean Air Act

• Clean Air Act of 1970 comprehensive
• EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards
  (NAAQS)
• States to develop plans to attain standards
  called SIPs (State Implementation Plans)
• 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
• Conformity requirements (40 CFR Part 93)
• Non-attainment designations and plans
• Acid rain and air toxics

29
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
30
EPA Air Quality Management

• EPA Area Designations (by pollutant)
• Based on State recommendations
• 3 types
• Attainment/unclassifiable Nonattainment
  Maintenance
• Classifications
• Based on severity of nonattainment problem
• Correlate with general conformity de minimis
  levels
• State Implementation Plans (SIPs)
• Chief tool for attainment and maintenance of the
  NAAQS
• Developed and adopted by States, Tribes, and
  local agencies
• EPA approved
• Penalties for failure to attain (e.g., highway
  funding, FIPs)

31
Status of 150 Designated Airports by Pollutant
32
(No Transcript)
33
(No Transcript)
34
(No Transcript)
35
What Do I Have To Evaluate?

• NEPA

• Emissions Inventory (all pollutants)
• Measured in tons per year (tpy) or day (tpd)
• Total emissions/all sources in a defined area
• Airport emissions compared to SIP budget
• If required
• Dispersion Analysis (concentrations)
• Measured in parts per million (ppm) or ?g/m3
• Air a person would breathe/specific location
• Compared to the NAAQS

36
De-Minimis Threshold Non-Attainment Area
37
Basic Steps for General Conformity
2. Nonattainment or Maintenance Area?
1. Federal Action?
yes
yes
no
3. Exempt?
no
yes
no
Exit
7. ConformityDetermination
4. Presumed to Conform?
yes
no
yes
no
6. Do project net emissions exceedde minimis
levels?
5. EmissionsInventory
38
Presumed to Conform List of Airport Actions

• Agency list of actions that cause few if any
  emissions
• Authorized under GC Rule
• 1st agency
• Streamlining benefit
• Published in July 30, 2007
• Federal Register

39
For smaller systems and upgrades that do not
increase airport capacity or change the
operational environment of the airport
PTC Project Categories
Pavement Markings Pavement Monitoring Systems Non-Runway Pavement Work Aircraft Gate Areas on Airside Lighting Systems Terminal and Concourse Upgrades New HVAC Systems, Upgrades, and Expansions Airport Security Airport Safety Airport Maintenance Facilities Airport Signage Commercial Vehicle Staging Areas Low Emission Technology and Alternative Fuel Vehicles Air Traffic Control Activities and Procedures Routine Installation and Operation of NAVAIDS
40
Special NEPA Air Quality Issues

• Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPS)
• FAA Regional coordination with Headquarters
• Methodology
• EDMS is used for a standard emissions inventory
  and speciation to hazardous air pollutants
  (HAPs)
• Because of limited data and methods, and the
  increased uncertainty that could compound
  errors, we do not
• Compute toxicity weightings
• Run a dispersion analysis for HAPs
• Calculate population exposure
• Do a quantified health risk assessment

41
Special NEPA Air Quality Issues

• Climate Change/Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
• CEQ has deemed GHG reasonably foreseeable
• Contact APP-400/AEE-300 for guidance
• A methodology/protocol has not been developed
• Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) panel
  to develop a guidebook

42
Airport Funding for Low-Emission Technology
43
VALE began in 2005 (Vision 100)For commercial
service airports in nonattainment or maintenance
areas and all airport emission sources except
aircraft engine technology
44
VALE Benefits

• Expands eligibility funding for clean airport
  technology
• Supports a forward-looking approach and early
  action with emission credits
• Encourages domestic alternative fuels
• Improves communications between Airports and
  States
• Strengthens community relations

45
Project Sites
ALB
SWF
DTW
SMF
BWI
DIA
SFO
DFW
BTR
IAH
HOU
ILEAV Pilot
VALE
46
Airports are Well-Suited to Alternative Fuel
Vehicles

• Microcosm of fleet
• Centralized operations
• Available land for safe siting and fuel
  handling
• General conformity set to airport facility
  projects

47
VALE Funding by Year
Millions of Dollars
FY 05
FY 06
FY 07
48
Airports need information and technical support

• Project Planning
• What technologies and fuel alternatives are
  appropriate?
• What are other airports doing?
• What are the risks? (airports are well-suited for
  alternative fuels with central operations and
  safe siting)
• How to do a successful application
• Overcoming Barriers
• Tendency to rely on SIP accommodations
• Airline reluctance to use PFCs
• Coordination with State air quality agencies and
  EPA

49
Eligible Infrastructure Gate Electrification
Eligible InfrastructureGate Electrification
Gate power
pre-conditioned air
to reduceAPUusage
50
Eligible InfrastructureUnderground Fuel Hydrant
Systems
Fuel CartsreplaceTanker Trucks
51
Eligible InfrastructureRefueling and Recharging
Stations
52
Eligible InfrastructureAirport Power Generation
HVAC Systems
53
Eligible InfrastructurePublic Transit
Connections on Airport Property
54
Vehicle Eligibility Varies by AIP PFC Programs

• Common vehicle eligibility
• New or retrofit
• GSE or GAV (airport-dedicated)
• Incremental costs only(no base vehicle or OM
  costs)

AIP PFC
Airport-owned or leased tenant-owned
Alternative fuels hybrids clean conventional
75 or 95 Federal share 100Federal share
55
AIP Focus on DOE-Defined Alternative Fuels

• Electric
• Natural Gas
• Propane
• Ethanol 85
• Methanol 85
• Hydrogen
• Coal-derived Liquids
• Biodiesel (B100)
• P-series
• Hybrid Technology

• Low-emission technology that relies
  exclusively on alternative fuels that are
  substantially non-petroleum based not excluding
  hybrid systems
• Vision 100 (47102)

56
VALE New Vehicle Low-Emission Standards
TechnicalReport

• EPA national fleet standards applied to
  individual vehicles
• Each vehicle is cleaner
• Matches AIP/PFC facility approach
• More fuel neutral
• 5 vehicle categories
• 3 On-road by weight class
• 2 Non-road by fuel engine size
• (Simplified tailpipe emissions only)

57
VALE Special Conditions include vehicle labeling
58
Opportunity for Change Over 72,000 GSE by Owner
and Fuel Type
25
75Airline Owned
Other
59
EPA and FAA National AERC Guidance

• Vision 100 AERC mandates
• Nationally consistent EPA guidance
• No State AERCsno FAA project funding
• Issued on a timely basis
• AERCs remove a big stumbling block
• Why should airports expend mitigation measures
  now that might help them later?
• Annualized credits earned and counted
  year-by-year over the life of a project
• Simplified
• No banking or trading with other entities

60
Managed by FAA Regions and ADOs

• Regional Role
• Guidance
• Application review
• Project approval
• Compliance

• For more information www.faa.gov/airports_airtr
  affic/airports/environmental/vale
• List of eligible airports
• FAA Technical Report
• EPA AERC Report
• Application worksheets