Chapter 2 Getting Started with PHP PHP Programming with MySQL

1
Chapter 2Getting Started with PHPPHP
Programming with MySQL
2
Objectives

• Install and configure a Web server
• Install and configure PHP
• Install and configure MySQL
• Create basic PHP scripts

3
Understanding Binary and Source Code Installations

• Binary format (or binaries) refer to compiled
  files, such as executable installation programs
• Source code is the original programming code in
  which an application was written
• Source code must be compiled, or processed, and
  assembled into an executable format before it is
  used
• Compiled programs only need to be recompiled when
  their code changes

4
Installing and Configuring a Web Server

• Apache is the most popular Web server software
  used on the Internet
• Microsoft IIS for Windows is the second most
  popular server software
• In Windows, a service refers to a program that
  performs a specific function to support other
  programs

5
Installing and Running Apache on UNIX and Linux

• Go to http/httpd.apache.org/download.cgi
• Run the gunzip command gunzip
  httpd-2.0.52.tar.gz
• Run the tar commandtar xvf httpd-2.0.52.tar
• Change to the http-2.0.52 directorycd
  httpd-2.0.52
• Run the configure command./configure

6
Installing and Running Apache on UNIX and Linux
(continued)

• Compile the Apache source code with the make
  command
• Run the make install command in the httpd-2.0.52
  directory
• Start, stop, and restart Apache using the
  apachectl control script

7
Installing and Running Apache on Windows

• Go to http/httpd.apache.org/download.cgi
• Download the apache_2.0.52-win32-x86-no_ssl.msi
  installation file
• Navigate to the installation file and from the
  Welcome screen, click Next
• Accept the terms of the License Agreement, click
  Next
• Read the contents of the Read This First screen,
  click Next

8
Installing and Running Apache on Windows
(continued)

• Accept the default values, click Next
• Select a Typical installation, click Next
• Accept the default Destination Folder directory,
  click Next
• Click Back to make changes or click Install to
  finish
• Click Finish

9
Installing and Running Internet Information
Services on Windows

• Open the Control Panel from the Start menu
• If using Windows XP, select Switch to Classic
  View
• Select the Add or Remove Programs icon
• Click Add/Remove Windows Components
• Click the check box next to Internet Information
  Services (IIS), click Next

10
Installing and Running IIS on Windows (continued)

• After the installation is complete, click Finish
• If prompted, restart Windows otherwise close the
  Control Panel

11
Testing Your Web Server

• Open your Web browser
• Type http//localhost/ in the Address box, click
  Enter
• Figure 2-2 Apaches default Web
  page

12
Testing Your Web Server (continued)

• Type http//127.0.0.1/ in the Address box, click
  Enter
• Figure 2-3 Web page informing you that IIS
  is running

13
Configuring Apache

• To configure ports and other settings you must
  edit the httpd.conf file
• For UNIX/Linux
• /usr/local/apache2/conf
• For Windows
• C\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache2\conf
• Lines that begin with the pound sign () are
  informational comments
• Lines without pound signs contain directives

14
Configuring Apache (continued)

• Figure 2-4 httpd.conf

15
Configuring Apache (continued)

• Directives define information about how a program
  should be configured
• The DocumentRoot directive identifies the default
  directory from where Apache serves Web pages
• The Alias directive identifies other directories
  that Apache can use to serve Web pages

16
Configuring Internet Information Services

• Figure 2-5 Default Web Site Properties
  dialog box

17
Installing PHP on UNIX and Linux Systems Running
Apache

• Go to http//www.php.net/downloads.php
• Run the gunzip command gunzip php-5.0.3.tar.gz
• Run the tar commandtar xvf php-5.0.3.tar
• Change to the php-5.0.3 directorycd php-5.0.3
• Run the configure command./configure

18
Installing PHP on UNIX and Linux Systems Running
Apache (continued)

• Compile the PHP source code with the make
  command
• Run the make install command in the php-5.0.3
  directory
• Specify which configuration file you want to use
  with PHPcp php.ini-dist /usr/local/lib/php.ini

19
Installing PHP Windows Running Apache or IIS

• Go to http//www.php.net/downloads.php and
  download the latest Windows binary installer
• Navigate to the installation file and from the
  Welcome screen, click Next
• In the License Agreement screen, click I Agree
• In the Installation Type screen, select Standard,
  then click Next
• Accept the default destination location, click
  Next

20
Installing PHP Windows Running Apache or IIS
(continued)

• In the Mail Configuration screen, accept the
  default values of localhost, click Next
• In the Server Type screen, select the type of Web
  server that you want to use with PHP, click Next
• In the Start Installation screen, click Next to
  begin installation
• Click OK to close the dialog box of the Web
  server you selected

21
Configuring Apache for PHP on UNIX/Linux Platforms

• Open the httpd.conf file from the
  /usr/local/apache2/conf directory
• Search for the LoadModule directiveLoadModule
  php5_module libexec/libphp5.so
• Add the AddType directive to the end of the
  fileAddType application/x-httpd-php .php
• Save and close the httpd.conf file
• Restart Apache with the command/usr/local/apache
  2/bin/apachectl restart

22
Configuring Apache for PHP on Windows

• Click the Start menu and point to All Programs
• Select the Edit the Apache httpd.config
  Configuration File command
• Add the following to the end of the
  fileScriptAlias /PHP/ C/PHP/AddType
  application/x-httpd-php .phpAction
  application/x-httpd-php /PHP/php-cgi.exe
• Save and close the httpd.conf file
• Restart Apache and select the Restart command

23
Configuring PHP

• Figure 2-6 The php.ini configuration file

24
Installing and Configuring MySQL on UNIX and Linux

• Go to http//dev.mysql.com/downloads/ and
  download the latest version of MySQL
• Create a separate group and user named for
  running MySQLgroupadd mysqluseradd -g mysql
  mysql
• Run the gunzip mysql-4.1.9.tar.gz command
• Run the tar xvf mysql-4.1.9.tar command
• Change to the mysql-4.1.9 directory

25
Installing and Configuring MySQL on UNIX and
Linux (continued)

• Run the ./configure command
• Compile the MySQL code with the make command
• Run the make install command
• Change to the scripts directory
• Run the mysql_install_db --usermysql script
• Run the ownership commandschown -R root
  /usr/local/mysqlchown -R mysql
  /usr/local/mysql/varchgrp -R mysql
  /usr/local/mysql

26
Installing and Configuring MySQL on Windows

• Go to http//dev.mysql.com/downloads/
• Open Windows Explorer or My Computer and start
  the MySQL installation
• In the Welcome screen, click Next to start the
  installation
• Accept the default setup type Typical, click
  Next
• Click Back to make changes or click Install to
  continue

27
Installing and Configuring MySQL on Windows
(continued)

• Create a new account or skip sign-in, click Next
• In the Wizard Completed screen, click Finish
• In the first screen of the MySQL Server Instance
  Configuration Wizard, click Next
• In the Configuration Type screen, select Standard
  Configuration, click Next

28
Installing and Configuring MySQL on Windows
(continued)

• In the Windows Options screen, accept the default
  values (do not select the Include Bin Directory
  in Windows PATH check box), click Next
• In the Security Options screen, deselect the
  Modify Security Settings check box, click Next
• Click Back to change any of the configuration
  operations or Execute to finish

29
Testing the MySQL Server

• Check to see if MySQL is running
• For UNIX/Linux systems
• /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --usermysql
  
• For Windows, use the Services window
• Run the mysqladmin version command
• For UNIX/Linux systems
• /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqladmin version
• For Windows, change to the C\Program
  Files\MySQL\MySQL Server 4.1\bin\ directory and
  run
• mysqladmin version

30
Creating Basic PHP Scripts

• Embedded scripting languages (JavaScript or PHP)
  refer to code that is embedded within a Web page
  (either an HTML or XHTML document)
• This code is typed directly into a Web page as a
  separate section
• A Web page document containing PHP code must have
  an extension of .php
• PHP code is never sent to a clients Web browser

31
Creating Basic PHP Scripts (continued)

• The Web page generated from the PHP code, and
  HTML or XHTML elements found within the PHP file,
  is returned to the client
• A PHP file that does not contain any PHP code
  should have an .html extension
• .php is the default extension that most Web
  servers use to process PHP scripts

32
Creating PHP Code Blocks

• Code declaration blocks are separate sections
  within a Web page that are interpreted by the
  scripting engine
• There are four types of code declaration blocks
• Standard PHP script delimiters
• The ltscriptgt element
• Short PHP script delimiters
• ASP-style script delimiters

33
Standard PHP Script Delimiters

• A delimiter is a character or sequence of
  characters used to mark the beginning and end of
  a code segment
• The standard method of writing PHP code
  declaration blocks is to use the lt?php and ?gt
  script delimiters
• The individual lines of code that make up a PHP
  script are called statements

34
The ltscriptgt Element

• The ltscriptgt element identifies a script section
  in a Web page document
• For client-side scripting, the type attribute of
  the ltscriptgt element indicates which scripting
  language and version is being used
• When the ltscriptgt element is used with PHP, you
  do not include the type attribute

35
Short PHP Script Delimiters

• The syntax for the short PHP script delimiters is
• lt? statements ?gt
• Short delimiters can be disabled in a Web
  servers php.ini configuration file
• PHP scripts will not work if your Web site ISP
  does not support short PHP script delimiters
• Short delimiters can be used in XHTML documents,
  but not in XML documents

36
ASP-Style Script Delimiters

• The syntax for the ASP-style script delimiters is
• lt statements gt
• ASP-style script delimiters can be used in XHTML
  documents, but not in XML documents
• ASP-style script delimiters can be enabled or
  disabled in the php.ini configuration file
• To enable or disable ASP-style script delimiters,
  assign a value of On or Off to the asp_tags
  directive in the php.ini configuration file

37
Understanding Functions

• A function refers to a procedure that performs a
  specific task
• To execute a function, you must invoke, or call,
  it from somewhere in the script
• A function call is the function name followed by
  any data that the function needs
• The data (in parentheses following the function
  name) are called arguments or actual parameters
• Sending data to a called function is called
  passing arguments

38
Displaying Script Results

• To return to the client the results of any
  processing that occurs within a PHP code block,
  you must use an echo() statement or the print()
  statement
• The echo() and print() statements create new text
  on a Web page that is returned as a response to a
  client

39
Displaying Script Results (continued)

• Figure 2-13 PHP Diagnostic Information Web
  page

40
Displaying Script Results (continued)

• The echo() and print() statements are language
  constructs of the PHP programming language
• A programming language construct refers to a
  built-in feature of a programming language
• The echo() and print() statements are virtually
  identical except
• The print() statement returns a value of 1 if it
  is successful
• It returns a value of 0 if it is not successful

41
Displaying Script Results (continued)

• Use the echo() and print() statements to return
  the results of a PHP script within a Web page
  that is returned to a client
• A text string, or literal string, is text that is
  contained within double or single quotation marks
• To pass multiple arguments to the echo() and
  print() statements, separate them with commas
  like arguments passed to a function

42
Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks

• For multiple script sections in a document,
  include a separate code declaration block for
  each section
• ...
• lt/headgt
• ltbodygt
• lth1gtMultiple Script Sectionslt/h1gt
• lth2gtFirst Script Sectionlt/h2gt
• lt?php echo ltpgtOutput from the first script
  section.lt/pgt
• ?gt
• lth2gtSecond Script Sectionlt/h2gt
• lt?php echo ltpgtOutput from the second script
  section.lt/pgt
• ?gt
• lt/bodygt
• lt/htmlgt

43
Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks
(continued)

• PHP code declaration blocks execute on a Web
  server before a Web page is sent to a client
• ...
• lt/headgt
• ltbodygt
• lth1gtMultiple Script Sectionslt/h1gt
• lth2gtFirst Script Sectionlt/h2gt
• ltpgtOutput from the first script section.lt/pgt
• lth2gtSecond Script Sectionlt/h2gt
• ltpgtOutput from the second script section.lt/pgt
• lt/bodygt
• lt/htmlgt

44
Creating Multiple Code Declaration Blocks
(continued)

• Figure 2-17 Output of a document with two PHP
  script sections

45
Case Sensitivity in PHP

• Programming language constructs in PHP are mostly
  case insensitive
• lt?php
• echo ltpgtExplore ltstronggtAfricalt/stronggt, ltbr
  /gt
• Echo ltstronggtSouth Americalt/stronggt, ltbr /gt
• ECHO and ltstronggtAustralialt/stronggt!lt/pgt
• ?gt

46
Adding Comments to a PHP Script

• Comments are nonprinting lines placed in code
  such as
• The name of the script
• Your name and the date you created the program
• Notes to yourself
• Instructions to future programmers who might need
  to modify your work

47
Adding Comments to a PHP Script (continued)

• Line comments hide a single line of code
• Add // or before the text
• Block comments hide multiple lines of code
• Add / to the first line of code
• And / after the last character in the code

48
Adding Comments to a PHP Script (continued)

• lt?php
• /
• This line is part of the block comment.
• This line is also part of the block comment.
• /
• echo lth1gtComments Examplelt/h1gt // Line
  comments can follow
• code statements
• // This line comment takes up an entire line.
• This is another way of creating a line comment.
• / This is another way of creating
• a block comment. /
• ?gt

49
Summary

• Binary format (or binaries) refers to files
  that can be in the form of executable
  installation programs
• Source code is the original programming code in
  which an application was written
• Directives define information about how a program
  should be configured
• JavaScript and PHP are both referred to as
  embedded scripting languages

50
Summary (continued)

• You write PHP scripts within code declaration
  blocks, which are separate sections within a Web
  page that are interpreted by the scripting engine
• The individual lines of code that make up a PHP
  script are called statements
• The term function refers to a procedure (or
  individual statements grouped into a logical
  unit) that perform a specific task

51
Summary (continued)

• The term programming language construct refers to
  a built-in feature of a programming language
• Programming language constructs in PHP are mostly
  case insensitive, although there are some
  exceptions
• Comments are nonprinting lines that you place in
  code to contain various types of remarks