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Cell Structure and Function

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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum. nuclear envelope. nucleolus. rough. endoplasmic. reticulum. protein synthesis. ribosome. Smooth ER lipid synthesis ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Cell Structure and Function


1
Cell Structure and Function
2
Why are cells small?
3
Viruses
4
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5
Virus Morphologies
6
viral capsids
7
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8
Cellular OrganismsProkaryotes and Eukaryotes
9
Life on Earth
10
Cell
All cellular organisms have a Protoplast the
cytoplasm and its surrounding plasma membrane
Some organisms have a Cell Wall (polysaccharide)
plants fungi some protists most bacteria
Bacteria often have a Capsule Which is a gooey
outside covering for protection (polysaccharide)
11
ProkaryotesBacteria and Archaea
12
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13
The cytoplasm is an active environment
tRNA
protein
ribosome
14
Few bacteria have internal membrane systems.This
bacterial species does.
15
Three major morphologies
rods
cocci
spirochaetes
16
Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than
Eukaryotes
17
Life on Earth
18
Eukaryotic Cell
19
Paramecium
20
The Nucleus
21
Eukaryotes
22
Nucleus
23
Activities of the Nucleus
  • Replication of DNA
  • Gene Expression Synthesis of RNA
  • Ribosome subunit assembly (in nucleolus, where
    rRNA genes are expressed)

24
Nucleus
25
Activities of the Nucleus
  • Replication of DNA
  • Gene Expression Synthesis of RNA
  • Ribosome subunit assembly (in nucleolus, where
    rRNA genes are expressed)

26
Nucleolus and rRNA genes
27
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28
Invagination Hypothesis
29
1. The original eukaryotic cells probably had no
cell wall
30
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31
2. RNA splicing in eukaryotic genes
Intron 1
Intron 2
Intron 3
Intron 4
Exon 1
Exon 2
Exon 3
Intron 1
Intron 2
Intron 3
Intron 4
32
Bacteria transcribe and translate simultaneously
no time for RNA splicing
33
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35
DNA Packaging - Chromosomes
36
HumanKaryotype
37
Chromosome Structure
38
Chromosomes
39

Centrioles in Centrosome also build the Spindles
40
Flagella and cilia
41
Structure of Flagella Cilia
42
How Flagella and cilia move
43
Cytoskeleton
44
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Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis
48
Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis
49
Membrane Systemssynthesis, degradation and
transport
  • Nucleus
  • RER
  • SER
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes

50
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
ribosome
rough endoplasmic reticulum protein synthesis
51
Nucleus, RER, SER membranes are continuous
ribosome
nucleus
Rough ER protein synthesis
Smooth ER lipid synthesis
52
Golgi Apparatussynthesis of molecules for export
and degradation
cis face receiving
transport vesicle
new vesicle forming
transport vesicles carrying cargo molecules
trans face shipping
53
DEGRADATION
EXPORT
54
Digestion Eating and Recycling
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Energy Transformation
57
savings bond
cash
sunlight
sugar
sugar
ATP
58
Mitochondria and Chloroplast Comparison
Similar to Bacteria
59
Mitochondrion
60
Chloroplasts
61
Endosymbiont Hypothesis
62
Endosymbiont Hypothesis
63
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Invagination Hypothesis
66
Vacuoles
67
Vacuole
68
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69
Plant Vacuoles
plasmolysis
70
Practice
71
Practice
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