Title: Cell Structure and Function
1Cell Structure and Function
2Why are cells small?
3Viruses
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5Virus Morphologies
6viral capsids
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8Cellular OrganismsProkaryotes and Eukaryotes
9Life on Earth
10Cell
All cellular organisms have a Protoplast the
cytoplasm and its surrounding plasma membrane
Some organisms have a Cell Wall (polysaccharide)
plants fungi some protists most bacteria
Bacteria often have a Capsule Which is a gooey
outside covering for protection (polysaccharide)
11ProkaryotesBacteria and Archaea
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13The cytoplasm is an active environment
tRNA
protein
ribosome
14Few bacteria have internal membrane systems.This
bacterial species does.
15Three major morphologies
rods
cocci
spirochaetes
16Prokaryotes are usually much smaller than
Eukaryotes
17Life on Earth
18Eukaryotic Cell
19Paramecium
20The Nucleus
21Eukaryotes
22Nucleus
23Activities of the Nucleus
- Replication of DNA
- Gene Expression Synthesis of RNA
- Ribosome subunit assembly (in nucleolus, where
rRNA genes are expressed)
24Nucleus
25Activities of the Nucleus
- Replication of DNA
- Gene Expression Synthesis of RNA
- Ribosome subunit assembly (in nucleolus, where
rRNA genes are expressed)
26Nucleolus and rRNA genes
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28Invagination Hypothesis
291. The original eukaryotic cells probably had no
cell wall
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312. RNA splicing in eukaryotic genes
Intron 1
Intron 2
Intron 3
Intron 4
Exon 1
Exon 2
Exon 3
Intron 1
Intron 2
Intron 3
Intron 4
32Bacteria transcribe and translate simultaneously
no time for RNA splicing
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35DNA Packaging - Chromosomes
36HumanKaryotype
37Chromosome Structure
38Chromosomes
39Centrioles in Centrosome also build the Spindles
40Flagella and cilia
41Structure of Flagella Cilia
42How Flagella and cilia move
43Cytoskeleton
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47Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis
48Ribosomes Sites of protein synthesis
49Membrane Systemssynthesis, degradation and
transport
- Nucleus
- RER
- SER
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
50Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
nucleolus
nuclear envelope
ribosome
rough endoplasmic reticulum protein synthesis
51Nucleus, RER, SER membranes are continuous
ribosome
nucleus
Rough ER protein synthesis
Smooth ER lipid synthesis
52Golgi Apparatussynthesis of molecules for export
and degradation
cis face receiving
transport vesicle
new vesicle forming
transport vesicles carrying cargo molecules
trans face shipping
53DEGRADATION
EXPORT
54Digestion Eating and Recycling
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56Energy Transformation
57savings bond
cash
sunlight
sugar
sugar
ATP
58Mitochondria and Chloroplast Comparison
Similar to Bacteria
59Mitochondrion
60Chloroplasts
61Endosymbiont Hypothesis
62Endosymbiont Hypothesis
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65Invagination Hypothesis
66Vacuoles
67Vacuole
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69Plant Vacuoles
plasmolysis
70Practice
71Practice