Chapter 3 Database Management

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Chapter 3Database Management
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Chapter 3 Objectives

• Understand why databases are important to modern
  organizations
• Understand how databases work
• Understand how organizations can maximize their
  strategic potential with databases

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Database Management for Strategic Advantage

• Database a collection of related data organized
  in a way to facilitate data searches
• Use databases to
• Create a book
• Track book sales
• Set salaries and wages
• Pay employees

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Database Management for Strategic Advantage

• The Database Approach Foundational Concepts
• DBMS Database Management Systems
• Use a DBMS software to create, store, organize,
  and retrieve data from a single database or
  several databases
• Example Microsoft Access

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Database Management for Strategic Advantage

• Advantages of the Database Approach
• Program-data independence
• Minimal data redundancy
• Improved data consistency
• Improved data sharing
• Increased productivity of application development
• Enforcement of standards
• Improved data quality
• Improved data accessibility
• Reduced program maintenance

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Database Management for Strategic Advantage

• Effective Management of Databases
• The database administrator (DBA)
• Works with programmers and analysts to design and
  implement the database
• Works with users and managers to establish
  database policies
• Implements security features and establishes
  database permissions

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Key Database Activities

• Entering and Querying Data
• Form
• Structured Query Language (SQL)
• Query by example (QBE)

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Key Database Activities

• Creating Database Reports
• Report a compilation of data that is organized
  and produced in printed format
• Report Generators

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Key Database Activities

• Database Design
• Must be organized
• Few or no redundancies
• Data model a map of entity relationships
• Keys
• Primary key
• Combination primary key
• Secondary key

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Key Database Activities

• Database Associations
• One-to-one (teams to stadiums)
• One-to-many (player to team)
• Many-to-many (players to games)

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Key Database Activities

• Entity-Relationship Diagramming (ERD)
• Commonly used when designing databases
• One draws entities (tables) as boxes and lines
  between entities to show relationships

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Key Database Activities

• The Relational Model of Databases
• Entities linked by a common key field
• Records rows
• Fields columns
• Other models exist
• Hierarchical
• Network
• Object-oriented model

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Key Database Activities

• Normalization
• A technique for making complex databases more
  efficient and more easily handled by the DBMS
• Eliminates data redundancy

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Key Database Activities

• Data Dictionary
• A document that explains each piece of
  information in the database
• Field name
• Data type
• Numeric, text, date/time
• Useful for sorting and allocating storage
• Is this field a key field?
• Business rules
• Update authority
• Valid data values

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How Organizations Get theMost from Their Data

• Linking Web Sites to Databases
• Example Amazon
• 2.5 million titles
• Managing online data effectively

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How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data

• Data Mining
• A method for better understanding data
• Information on customers, products, markets, etc.
• Drill down from summary to more detailed data
• Sort and extract information
• Trends, correlations, forecasting, statistics

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How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data

• Data Mining
• Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)
• Immediate automated responses to user requests
• Multiple concurrent transactions
• A big part of interactive Internet e-commerce

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How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data

• Data Mining
• Online Analytical Processing (OLAP)
• Graphical software tools that provide complex
  analysis of data stored in a database
• Drills down to deeper levels of consolidation
• Time series and trend analysis
• What if and why questions

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How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data

• Data Mining
• Merging Transaction and Analytical Processing
• Real-time OLAP diminishes performance because the
  database must be locked during execution time
• Solution replicate transactions on a 2nd
  database server

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How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data

• Data Mining
• Merging Transaction and Analytical Processing
• Operational Systems
• Interact with customers and run a business in
  real time
• Examples Order processing, reservation systems
• Informational Systems
• Support decision making based on stable
  point-in-time or historical data

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How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data

• Data Warehousing
• Integrating multiple large databases into a
  single repository
• Queries, analysis, and processing
• Purpose put key business information into the
  hands of decision makers
• Cost millions

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How Organizations Get the Most from Their Data

• Data Marts
• Instead of one large data warehouse, many
  organizations create multiple data marts
• Each contains a subset of the data
• Example finance, inventory, personnel
• Each data mart is customized for particular DSS
  applications
• Cost typically less than 1 million