Stephen Haywood

1
Welcome to PPD

• Stephen Haywood
• Head of PPD Division A ATLAS-RAL
• (Apologies from Norman McCubbin)

2
Safety Information

• Fire bells... Please leave the building by the
  closest route
• and go to the fire assembly
  point.
• Klaxon... Please stay inside the building and
  close any
• doors or windows having external
  access.
• Emergency Number for FIRE, AMBULANCE or FIRST
  AID.
• short code from any internal
  phone 2222
• or from a mobile phone 01235
  778888
• Additionally... Please take a few moments to
  check that any equipment that may be plugged into
  the mains supply has undamaged leads, no exposed
  cables, a secure plug and that you have not
  created a trip hazard especially if you are on an
  escape route!

3

• PPD
• (Particle Physics Department)
• is located at
• RAL
• (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory)
• which is run by
• STFC
• (Science Technology Facilities Council)

4
PPDs Mission

• Studying the fundamental constituents of matter
  and their interactions by designing, building and
  executing world-leading experiments, in
  partnership with the UK particle physics
  community, at accelerator laboratories and
  elsewhere by analysing and interpreting results
  from these experiments.
• Performing world-leading research and development
  in areas closely related to the UK particle
  physics programme.
• Ensuring the efficient use through effective
  management of the resources allocated by the
  Science and Technology Facilities Council on
  behalf of the UK particle physics community.
• Supporting the UK particle physics community
  through close collaboration, and through the
  provision of facilities and technical expertise
  within the STFC Rutherford Appleton and Daresbury
  Laboratories.
• Promoting public understanding, education and
  training in the field of science.

5
Particle Physics Department

• 100 people in Particle Physics Department (PPD),
  70 have PhDs
• Like a large university PP department, but no
  undergraduate teaching (though a few do some),
  and a relatively small number of PhD students
• Interface for the whole PP UK community to
  specialist skills in other RAL/STFC departments
• Technology electronics, mechanical engineering
• Access to facilities Clean rooms, metrology
• Computing the UK Tier-1 is here, and we are part
  of the South Grid Tier-2 consortium
• Accelerator RD ASTEC, which works closely with
  the Cockcroft and Adams Institutes
• Project management and administration e.g.
  financial tendering
• Provides a significant support role for UK
  Particle Physics
• Annual HEP Summer School for all UK students
• Management and reporting of budgets
• Travel processing, booking and reimbursement, LTA
  support
• Provide UK liaison offices for users working at
  major overseas labs (CERN, FNAL)

6
Norman McCubbin
Programme Support Team
Division A Stephen Haywood ATLAS Spider T2K
Minos EDM Zeplin Boulby
Division B Claire Shepherd CMS LHCb Hera BaB
a
Division C Grid Computing
Support Accelerators
NExT
7
Some big questions

• The Standard Model, which works so well at lower
  energies, falls apart above a few TeV
• Is there a Higgs boson? Other new particles or
  forces?

8
ATLAS
Physics
Mr. Higgs ?
9
CMS
10
Pushing the Energy Frontier
11
Some big questions

• The Standard Model, which works so well at lower
  energies, falls apart above a few TeV
• Is there a Higgs boson? Other new particles or
  forces?
• What is the cosmic dark matter?
• Can we detect it? Is it particles we can make at
  colliders?

12
Zeplin _at_ Boulby
13
Some big questions

• The Standard Model, which works so well at lower
  energies, falls apart above a few TeV
• Is there a Higgs boson? Other new particles or
  forces?
• What is the cosmic dark matter?
• Can we detect it? Is it particles we can make at
  colliders?
• What is the origin of the matter-antimatter
  asymmetry in the universe?
• See effects in quark decays?

14
LHCb BaBar
15
Neutron Electric Dipole Moment

• A permanent neutron EDM would imply Parity and
  Time Reversal Violation.
• Indirect test of matter-antimatter asymmetry.

16
Some big questions

• The Standard Model, which works so well at lower
  energies, falls apart above a few TeV
• Is there a Higgs boson? Other new particles or
  forces?
• What is the cosmic dark matter?
• Can we detect it? Is it particles we can make at
  colliders?
• What is the origin of the matter-antimatter
  asymmetry in the universe?
• See effects in quark decays?
• Neutrinos?

17
Minos T2K
18
Room to dream!
Harwell Science and Innovation Campus
19
RAL
Microscopes or Telescopes
neutrons muons
photons
photons
20
ISIS
Clean energy and the environment Pharmaceuticals
and health care Nanotechnology Materials
engineering IT.
21
Diamond
Structural biology Fundamental physics
Chemistry Cultural heritage
3 GeV
Synchrotrons Following the crystallisation of
pure cocoa butter in real time the results
showed the optimum conditions for chocolate
manufacture.
22
Lasers
Inertial fusion energy X-ray laser development
Laboratory astrophysics
Vulcan
23
Space Science
Earth Solar System Galaxy Cosmos
24
STFC
RAL
Daresbury
ATC
Grants
Chilbolton
25
STFC
RAL
Daresbury
ATC
Grants
Chilbolton
26
W. G. SCOTT RAL/PPD 21 Oct 2009
PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE
We are encouraged to spend 1 of our
research grant funding on outreach activities,
promoting understanding, appreciation and
awareness of our science to the general public


Targeting 11-16 yr olds in schools etc. can help
attract more young people into a scientific
career. (e.g. RAL MasterClass 17-19 Mar 2010).


Helps produce highly qualified researchers with
advanced skills needed by academia, industry and
commerce.

Helps ensure that the UKs front line contribution
in this science is recognised by opinion formers,
decision-takers/politicians.


Taxpayers can have an appreciation and awareness
of the research being funded on their behalf.


27
THE STANDARD MODEL
(schematic)
higgs kinetic term
yukawa term
fermion kinetic term
gauge kinetic term
where
higgs potential
field-strength tensor
covariant derivative
vector potential
28
THE HIGGS FIELD
quarks leptons W,Z etc.
gives masses to the pointlike particles
refraction?.
29
but not to the neutron/proton!
PROTON
NEUTRON
uUP (2/3)
QUARKS
dDOWN (-1/3)
30
PARTICLE PHYSICS

• http//www.net.rl.ac.uk/ramfiles/ppd2001-01.ram

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electrons (-)
THE ATOM
NUCLEUS
proton()
neutron
32
PROTON
NEUTRON
uUP (2/3)
QUARKS
dDOWN (-1/3)
33
ELECTRICAL FORCES
e-
e-
Photon
QUANTUM FIELD THEORY
34
QED
e-
e-
?
e-
e-
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QED
d
e-
?
e-
d
39
QUARK FRAGMENTATION
Formation of a Jet
Quark
Antiquark
40
CHROMOSTATICS
41
CHROMOSTATICS
THE COLOUR FORCE
42
QCD
gluons 8 colours
quarks 3 colours
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THE WEAK FORCEBeta Decay
n
p
Antineutrino
Electron
45
BETA DECAY(at the quark level)
d
u
Antineutrino
Electron
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WEAK INTERACTION
u
e-
W
d
48
THE WEAK FORCE
Due to W-boson exchange
49
NEUTRAL CURRENTS (1973)
50
NEUTRAL CURRENT INTERACTION
51
THE FORCE PARTICLES
( VECTOR BoOSONS )
g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8W- Z0 W?
52
CERN
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THE MATTER PARTICLES
( FERMIONS )
Q -1 0
-1/3 2/3
59
THE DISCOVERY OF TOP(Fermilab USA 1994)
top 180 GeV
60
W-PAIR PRODUCTION
w-
w
TRIPLE-GAUGE BOSON VERTEX
z0
e
e-
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GAUGE THEORIES
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FLUX
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MATTER PARTICLES(Fermions)
1 1 0(Pauli exclusion principle)
FORCE PARTICLES(Bosons)
1 1 4(Stimulated emission, lasers etc)
SUSY!
67
PLANCK SCALE 10 GeV
19
GRAND UNIFICATION
GUT SCALE 10 GeV
hyper.
16
weak
INVERSE COUPLING
strong
ENERGY GeV
68
INTERACTION WITH THE HIGGS FIELD
gives masses to the point-like particles,
quarks, leptons, W, Z etc.
69
PROF HIGGS UNIV EDINBURGH
70
HIGGS AT LEP
71
HIGGS AT THE LHC
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THE NEUTRINO
V
A VERY FRIENDLY PARTICLE
77
ATMOSPHERIC NEUTRINOS
78
SUPER-KAMIOKANDE
79
MINOS
CHICAGO
MINESSOTA (750 Km)
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CP-VIOLATION
82
THE FUNDAMENTAL FORCES
ELECTRO- MAGNETIC
UNIFIED FORCE?
STRONG
GRAVITY
WEAK