Rapid Development of Space

1
Rapid Development of Space

• Wayne Solomon
• August 2009

2
Soviet Union scares the pants off.

• Sputnik 1 was first into low earth orbiting
  satellite, 1957
• Plasma Density meas.

3
Explorer I ( little tubesat that did..)

• US Enters Space, 1958, On Jupiter-C booster
• Located Van Allen
• Radiation belt, Launch

4
To the Moon(practicing for Chicago)

• Soviets impacted the moon in 1959
• Luna 2
• Luna 3 returned
• photos from
• Moon in 1960 (where are pics!)

5
Early US Missions to Moon (good try, but no
cigar)

• A number of attempts to impact the moon starting
  with Ranger Series in 1964
• Atlas/Agena launcher

6
U.S. Surveyor Program 1966, pad prints for
Apollo

• Seven Surveyor Vehicles were flown by 1968.
  Five were successful, Atlas/Centaur Launch
  vehicle
• Exploring landing sites and technology, and
  geoscience for Apollo program.
• Turnaround in Space Race with Soviets and showed
  that efforts were essentially tied.

7
US Lunar Prospector (Return after 25 years,
better, faster, less for less)

• Search for water in 1998 with very low cost
  Athena (three stage solid!) launcher. No H2O in
  sight

8
Lunar Prospector (Admit it, they tried some neat
stuff..)

• Gamma Ray Spectrometer..GeoChem
• Neutron Spectrometer.. Water (ice) signature
• Alpha Particle Spec.. Radon from volcano (?)
• Doppler Gravity.. Lunar gravity
• Magnetometer.. Local field

9
Prospector (a big parking lot..)
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Soviet Lunar missions (lots of big iron out
there)

• Zond Series of failures before circumlunar probe
  in 1968. Stripped down Soyuz SC.

11
Chinese Lunar Explorer, years later,(slow and
steady)

• Chinese Lunar mission launch, 1997
• Mapping, impact data

12
Oh my darling Clementine

• Clementine was a joint project between the
  Strategic Defense Initiative Organization and
  NASA, 1994. The objective of the mission was to
  test sensors and spacecraft components under
  extended exposure to the space environment and to
  make scientific observations of the Moon and the
  near-Earth asteroid 1620 Geographos

13
Soviet Mars Orbiters, 1962-73 (lots more big
iron, later)

• Mars 2 and Mars 3 employed heavy Proton booster
• Like many earlier Mars missions they reached
  destination but ended poorly
• Some grainy Photos for their trouble!
• Better results on later missions

14
U.S. Viking Program (JPL Mars scoop!)

• JPL Orbiters for survey and com. Relay with
  lander, 1976
• Landers had N2O4/MMH thrusters for control and
  propulsion.
• Very successful effort.
• Launcher Titan III
• centaur vehicle

15
Mars Pathfinder, 1996,(Oh, to be a Bot, oops
mighty big rock)

• First of a series of JPL Mars missions that
  included the first successful rover

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Mars Global Surveyor, 1996-2006 (Serious
exploration stuff)

• Launch with package of cameras and instruments to
  provide maps for landers

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Cassini Spacecraft, 2004,( A quick peek at the
Saturn, lots more similar stuff later..)

• Tracking storms on Saturn. Storms last for
  months at a location called Storm Alley

18
Orbview 2 (In the looking glass..)

• Launched in 1997 is early earth imaging circular
  sun synchronous satellite to study Oceans on a
  routine basis. Ocean conditions for fishing,
  climate change, etc.

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TSX-5 ( not sure why)

• A 2000 launch, Low earth orbit small satellite
  with 68 degree inclination for Air Force
  environmental . Research., imaging, etc.

20
Intelsat16 ( Communications Sats cover the globe)

• Geo Communications Satellite, to launch in 2010
  from Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan. 24 Ku-band
  transponders

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NSS-9 (what can I say)

• Orbis Netherland C-band Satellite for 28
  transponders which can be linked with three beams
  for full earth coverage. 5000 lb with Power 2.3
  Kw, 3 axis stabilized.
• Arian-V launcher, 2009

22
Defense Support DSP, Imaging Satellite (ICBM
watch from GEO)

• Last generation of DSP SatellitesThe satellites
  are in geosynchronous orbits, and are equipped
  with infrared sensors operating through a
  wide-angle Schmidt telescope. The entire
  satellite spins 1 so that the linear sensor
  array in the focal plane scans over the earth six
  times every minute. Typically, DSP satellites
  were launched on Titan IVB boosters with Inertial
  Upper Stages. The last one (flight 23) was
  launched in 2007 aboard the first operational
  flight of the Delta IV Heavy rocket, as the Titan
  IV had been retired in 2005. All 23 satellites
  were built by prime contractor Northrop Grumman
  Space Technology, formerly TRW, in Redondo Beach,
  CA.

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Another View of DSP

• Current launch detection from Geo.

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Next generation EO/ IR imaging (Cost overrun,so.)

• Launch failure has led to new requirements for
  next generation imaging systems

25
Radar Imagery, (Sherlock Holmes..)

• NROs future radar imaging satellite

26
EOS Weather Satellite, 1994, The farmers love
it, me too..

• GOES Series major weather information for N.
  America From GEO
• EU, Russ, China, Japan, India have world pretty
  much covered from GEO

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GEOS Series, 1994

• NOAA placed three axis stabilized series in GEO
• Vis/IR Spin scan radiometer day and night
  observation along with interval imagery
• Monitoring water vapor

28
Polar Orbiting Weather, (the really big
picture)G. Davis, 2007)

• Several Series, Several DoD versions starting
  late 50s. NASA and NOAA intitiated sun
  synchronous Tyros weather Satellites in early
  60s,Nimbus series (mid 60s)
• Visible and infrared scanning radiaometers
• NOAA Partners with EUMETSAT for full time
  coverage (day and night) with new vehicles to
  contain.(next slide please!)

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Polar Orbiting Weather(G. Davis, 2007), details,
details

• Third Generation Advanced Very High Resolution
  Radiometer
• (AVHRR/3) A six-channel imaging radiometer to
  detect energy in the visible and IR. High
  Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounders (HIRS/4)
• multispectral atmospheric sounding instrument to
  measure IR scene radiance.
• . Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU-A) A
  cross-track scanning total power Microwave
  radiometer to measure scene radiance.
• . Search and Rescue Satellite-Aided Tracking
  (SARSAT) Instruments
• Others

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IKONOS, 2000, (Google maps??)

• Commercial Satellite high resolution imagery, 1m
  pancromatic and 4 m multispectral
• Polar sunsynchronous orbit
• 3 axis stabilized with four reaction wheels
• LM900 bus (Iridium)

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Arian V (Each version just keeps getting bigger..)

• Ariane 5 is a European expendable launch system
  designed to deliver payloads into geostationary
  transfer orbit or low Earth orbit
• No. solid boosters2Engines1 SolidThrust 6,470 kN
  (1,450,000 lbf) Specific impulse275 s Burn
  time129 sec
• VulcainThrust1,114 kN (250,000 lbf)Specific
  impulse430 s Burn time589 secondsFuelLH2/LOX

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Components Ariane 5 (bits and pieces!)
Ariane 5 ECB was planned to have an ESC-B upper
stage using a new Vinci expander cycle type
engine. The GTO capacity is to increase from 8000
kg to 12,000 kg
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Chinese Progress (Lots of early trouble but U.S
companies fixed)

• Long March 2E launch in 1990
• Long March 3C launch in 1996
• Space Launch Vehicles including
• Moon Probe in 2007

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Chinese Family of Space Long March Launchers, (
No Foreign technology here!)

• Employ Storable lower stages and Hydrogen Oxygen
  upper Stages

2D
2F
3C
4C
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Dongfanghong(DFH-3),1997 (more me too..)

• General class of Chinese communications
  satellites with common bus

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ZiYaun-1,1999 (Join the green croud?)

• Earth resources Satellite and later series on
  CZ-4 launcher, joint with Brazil
• Payload 5-band ccd camera 4-band infrared
  multi-spectrum scanner 2-band broad
  field-of-view imaging instrument.

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Fenyung Metrological Satellite Series, 2008,( not
sure what this adds..)

• Spin Stabilized multispectral GEO satellite.
• Several earlier variants were only partially
  successful.
• Vis-IR

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Beidou Navigation Series, 2000 (Chinese military
gps version..)

• Experimental group in GEO and a number of Medium
  orbit navigation Satellites
• Accuracy to 10 meters

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Chinese Ballistic Missile

• First Solid Rocket boosters, DF-21, 1986
• Low yield nuclear, 60 deployed in 1991

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Communications and Navigation
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Commercial/Dual Purpose

• GPS
• Communication

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Global Positioning, GPS, (no more excuses for
being late..)

• US Owned Utility operated by Air Force for
  military and commercial navigation
• 24 Satellites transmitting position and time
• Worldwide monitor and control ground stations
• User systems which calculate 3D positioning

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3D Spatial and time Peter Dana, Univ of Texas

• Information from four satellites in view
• GPS provides specially coded satellite signals
  that can be processed in a GPS receiver, enabling
  the receiver to compute position, velocity and
  time.

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A View of Constellation (cover the planet, baby..)

• The Constellation

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Orbital Coverage, (The common bus.)

• The orbit altitude is such that the satellites
  repeat the same track and configuration over any
  point approximately each 24 hours (4 minutes
  earlier each day).
• There are six orbital planes (with nominally four
  SCs in each), equally spaced (60 degrees apart),
  and inclined at about fifty-five degrees with
  respect to the equatorial plane.
• This constellation provides the user with between
  five and eight SCs visible from any point on the
  earth.

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Ground Tracks (notice our new flat world..)

• World map

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Control (distributed control anyone? ..)

• GPS Master and Monitor Net

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GPS Navigation (Its so, simple)

• The Master Control facility is located at
  Schriever Air Force Base in Colorado. Monitor
  stations measure signals from the SCs which are
  incorporated into orbital models for each.
• The models compute precise orbital data
  (ephemeris) and SC clock corrections for each
  satellite. The Master Control station uploads
  ephemeris and clock data to the SCs. The SCs then
  send subsets of the orbital ephemeris data to GPS
  receivers within view.

49
Users/Military (targeting, etc..)

• Authorized users with cryptographic equipment and
  keys and specially equipped receivers use the
  Precise Positioning System. (military)
• PPS Predictable Accuracy
• 22 meter Horizontal accuracy
• 27.7 meter vertical accuracy
• 200 nanosecond time accuracy

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Users/Civilian (Easy stuff..)

• The SPS accuracy is intentionally degraded by the
  DOD by the use of Selective Availability.
• SPS Predictable Accuracy
• 100 meter horizontal accuracy
• 156 meter vertical accuracy
• 340 nanoseconds time accuracy

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Navigation ( ah, the gory details..)

• The GPS Navigation Message consists of
  time-tagged data bits marking the time of
  transmission of each subframe at the time they
  are transmitted by the SC. A data bit frame
  consists of 1500 bits divided into five 300-bit
  subframes.
• A data frame is transmitted every thirty seconds.
  
• Three six-second subframes contain orbital and
  clock data.
• SC Clock corrections are sent in subframe one
• precise SC orbital data sets (ephemeris data
  parameters) for the transmitting SC are sent in
  subframes two and three. .

52
SatCom (Ships at sea, etc..)

• Early Navy sat com bounced teletype off the moon
  (1950s, first sat com) to contact ships at sea.
• Navy then went to analogue hf (high frequency)
  transmission earth-to-satellite-to-earth for
  nearly 50 years.
• Now, communications are pretty much all digital

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DSCS III, (Typical antenna farm..)
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SatCom (Ships at sea..)

• The two types of communications are ACTIVE and
  PASSIVE. A passive satellite only reflects
  received radio signals back to earth. An active
  satellite acts as a AMPLIFIER/REPEATER

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Coverage (earthy orbits)

• The inclination of the orbit determines the area
  covered by the path of the satellite. The greater
  the inclination, the greater the amount of
  surface area covered by the satellite
• A satellite in a circular orbit from
  approximately 2,000 miles to 12,000 miles above
  the earth is considered to be in a MEDIUM
  ALTITUDE ORBIT.

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Synchronous Orbit (Ah, so far away, but..)

• A satellite in a circular orbit at a height of
  approximately 19,300 nautical miles above the
  earth is in a synchronous orbit.

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Coverage from DSCS Birds
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DSCS Satellite (Navy, 1980s- 2000s..)

• Picture shows each pair of transmit and receive
  dish antennas. As you can see, a large area of
  the earth can be covered using only one
  satellite, in geo.
• Newer communications satellites have about 32,000
  solar cells mounted on the surface of the
  satellite, and they supply about 520 watts. A
  nickel cadmium battery is used for backup power
  during eclipses.
• The latest versions of communications satellites
  use a stationary platform with four high-gain
  antennas. Two steerable narrow beam antennas are
  used for communications between and within
  regions of high traffic density. Two horn
  antennas provide for earth communications between
  facilities outside the narrow beam coverage.

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Iridium, 1997 (Motorola dream)

• The Iridium satellite constellation is a large
  group of satellites used to provide voice and
  data coverage to satellite phones, pagers and
  integrated transceivers over Earth's entire
  surface.
• Iridium Satellite LLC owns and operates the
  constellation and sells equipment and access to
  its services. The constellation requires 66
  active satellites in orbit to complete its
  constellation and additional spare satellites are
  kept in-orbit to serve in case of failure.1
  Satellites are in low Earth orbit at a height of
  approximately 485 mi (781 km) and inclination of
  86.4.