Tropopause Undulations and Tropopause Folds

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Tropopause Undulations and Tropopause Folds

• Dr. James T. Moore
• Saint Louis University
• Dept. of Earth Atmospheric Sciences
• COMET COMAP August 5, 1999

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Hirschberg and Fritsch, 1991
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Positive IPV Anomaly
Bluestein, 1993
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Bluestein, 1993
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Negative IPV Anomaly
Bluestein, 1993
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Bluestein, 1993
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Hoskins et al., 1985
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IPV on 325 K 12 UTC 16 May- 12 UTC 18 May
1989 (Benjamin et al.)
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500 mb charts corresponding to the first and
second IPV maps
Bluestein, 1993
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500 mb chart corresponding to the third IPV map
Bluestein, 1993
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Hirschberg and Fritsch (1991) Model of Cyclone
Development
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Tropopause Fold Conceptual Models for Analysis
Contemporary Tropopause Fold Model from
Keyser and Shapiro, 1986
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Tropopause folds at the arctic, polar
and subtropical fronts described by
Shapiro, Hampel, and Krueger, 1987
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Shapiro, 1981
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Model of tropopause fold showing regions where
CAT occurs (Shapiro, 1976)
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Conservation of isentropic potential vorticity in
the absence of diabatic heating and friction
Holton, 1979
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Danielsens model of extruded stratospheric air
during a tropopause fold event (Danielsen, 1964)