Review of Past Materials

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Review of Past Materials

• 4 basic elements that make up the body
• 4 basic molecules that make up the body
• Effect of pH on molecule structure
• Name the parts of the cell
• What is the function of the cell parts?
• What is the energy unit of the cell?

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4 types of tissue make up the human body

• Epithelial Tissue
• Skin and outer coverings, in-between
• Connective Tissue
• Fills empty spaces, glues, support function
• Muscle Tissue
• Cells that contract
• Nervous tissue
• Excitable cells that move and store information

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Epithelial tissue
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Types of Epithelium

• Glandular secret substances
• Exocrine glands secrete to the surface
• Endocrine glands secret to the body (ductless)
• Membranes
• Mucus membranes line tubes and cavities of organ
  systems, secrete mucus that acts as lubricant.
• Serous membranes line the thoracic cavity, do not
  contain glands also produce lubricants.

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This tissue is named according to its shape and
arrangement
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The skin same as fig 4.1
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Cell to Cell contact of epithelium

• Tight junctions
• Cells share plasma membranes large molecules do
  not flow through.
• Adhesion Junctions (desmosomes)
• Like spot welds, cell structural proteins are
  held together.
• Gap
• Junctions link cytoplasm of 2 cells so they can
  communicate better.

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Connective tissue

• The Default category of tissues
• General Characteristics
• Fibroblasts are cells that produce fibers
• Fibers of collagen or elastin
• Ground substance is the extracellular matrix
  surrounding and embedding the cells this is not
  living material.
• Gives the tissue its characteristic.

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Typical fibrous connective tissue
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Connective tissue fibrous or (proper)

• Loose connective tissue.
• Supports epithelia and organs, lots of cells
  small fibers.
• Dense irregular connective tissue.
• Fewer cells and more thick fibers, forms
  protective capsules around organs.
• Dense regular connective tissue.
• Bundled collagen fibers laying in parallel found
  in ligaments and tendons.

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Placement and look of CT
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More placement and look
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• Fig 4.4
• Dense CT
• Loose CT

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Summary of CT Table 4.1
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Cartilage and Bone

• Hyaline cartilage.
• Elastic cartilage.
• Firbocartilage.
• Compact bone.
• Spongy bone.
• The cells of these tissues are called.
• Osteocytes or Chondroblasts

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Special CT
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Blood and adipose tissue

• Blood.
• White and red blood cells in a liquid matrix.
• Adipose tissue.
• Specialized cells with very little matrix or
  fibers.

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Other types of tissue

• Muscle.
• Can only pull not push
• Smooth muscle
• Skeletal muscle
• Cardiac muscle

• Nervous tissue
• Neurons
• Sensory neurons pick up stimuli and conduct to
  CNS
• Motor neurons conduct impulses to muscles and
  glands.

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Summary of Muscle
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• An organ is a collection of tissues that perform
  a function.
• Organ system is a collection of organs that
  perform a function.
• 11 organ systems will be reviewed in this class

Know names on page 92,3
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Tissues make organsOrgans make organ systems

• Skeletal system
• Muscular system
• Cardiovascular system
• Lymphatic system
• Nervous system

• Endocrine system
• Integument system
• Respiratory system
• Digestive system
• Urinary system
• Immune system
• Reproductive system

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arrangement
Look up the other ways to describe the body
orientation
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Body Cavities
Figure 4.8
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Tissue Membranes Line Body Cavities

• Serous membrane reduces friction between organs
• Mucous membrane lubricates surface, captures
  debris
• Synovial membrane lines spaces in movable joints
• Cutaneous membrane skin

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Anatomical Position or Direction
Figure 4.9
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The Integument

• Your skin and how it works

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Function of the skin

• Covers and protects the body.
• Control internal temperature.
• Blood reservoir for the body.
• Produces vitamin D.
• Receptors to detect environmental stimuli.
• Regulates the movement of substances into and out
  of the body or somatic system.

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Skin structure

• Epidermis is outermost layer.
• Keratinization production of a waterproof
  protein.
• Pigments, melanin, hemoglobin and carotene.
• Dermis living portion of skin mostly dense
  connective tissue.
• Contains vessels, sweat glands, oil glands,
  hairs.
• Aging.
• Reduction in cell division, thinning of skin,
  dryer less elastic. (due to different production
  of elastin and collogen)

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Effect of Aging on the skin

• As the body ages, epidermal cells divide less
  often the skin becomes thinner, more susceptible
  to injury, drier and less elastic.

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Homeostasismaintaining the internal environment
of the body

• The 3 components of control
• Sensory receptor
• Control center
• Effector

• cells detect change
• respond to receptor and send a signal
• perform function of change

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