Lecture 1: Some Molecular Biology Lecturer: A'Bolshoy

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Lecture 1 Some Molecular BiologyLecturer
A.Bolshoy

• ??????
• 1.1 ???? ??????????
•  
• DNA and Proteins 1.2
•  
• 1.2.1 DNA
• 1.2.2 RNA
• 1.2.3 Protein

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• 1.3 Polymerase
•  
• 1.4 The central Dogma ???? ??????
•  
• 1.4.1 ???? ?????? ?? Prokaryote.
• 1.4.2 ???? ?????? ?? Eukaryote .

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• The molecules of the cell are of two classes
  large and small. The large molecules , known
  as macromolecules, are of three types DNA, RNA
  and proteins. These are the molecules of most
  interest to us and they are made by joining
  certain small molecules together in polymers.
• We next discuss some of the general properties
  of macromolecules , including how DNA is used to
  make RNA and proteins .

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• ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????? Prokaryotes
  ?- Eukaryotes .
• ????
• Prokaryotes - (??????????) ?????????? ??-?????
• Eukaryotes - (????????? ?? ????-?????)
  ?????????? ??- ????? ??? ????? ??? ??.
  
  
• ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? DNA, RNA. ?????
  ?????? ?? ????? .Protein -

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DNA

• DNA ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????. ???? ???? ?-
  DNA ??? ????? ?? ??????
• ?????? ??? A,C,G,T. ???? ACCCGGGA..
• (???, ????? ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????
  ?????????? ??????? ????????
• ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???').

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• ???????
• ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? X1 X2 ..Xn
• A,C,G,T ? Xi
• ???? ?????
• ??? ????? ????? 3 (??-???????) ????? ?????? ?????
  ?????? ?????
• ??? ????? ????? ????? 1 ? ????? 4 ?? ???? .
• ??? ????? ????? ????? 2 ? ????? 44 16
• ??? ????? ????? ????? 3 ? ????? 44464

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• ?????? ?????, DNA ?? ?????? ( polymer) ,
• ?????? ????????? ?????, ??????? ???????????
  (nucleotides) ?? ??????.
• ???? 4 ???? ??????????? (??????) ???
• Adenine (A) , Ctyosine (C) , Guanine (G) ,
  Thymine (T)
• T ???? ?????? ?? ?? A ? T A (??? ????
  ??? ???? ????)
•  
• C ???? ?????? ?? ??C ? G G (??? ????
  ????? ???? ????)

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(No Transcript)
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RNA

• ?? ???????-????? ??? ?'?'?' ????? ?"? ???? ?- 4
  ?????? ??? ?? ???????????????? ribonucleotides )
  A,C,G,U) ,??? ?'?'?' ???? thymine ????? ?-
  .uracil

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PROTEIN

• ????? ??? ?? ?????? (polymer) , ???? ????
  ??????? ???? ??? ???? , ??????? ?- ?"? ??
• 20 ?????? ?????? (amino acids)

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POLYMERASE

• ?? ??? ????? ?? ????? Polymerase.
•  
• DNA ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????????.
  ????? ?? ???? ????? replication .
•  
• DNA-Polymerase ????? ???? ?? ?????, ????
  ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????????, ??? ??? ???
• ???? ????? ?? ?????.
• RNA-Polymerase ???? ??????? RNA ???? ???????
  DNA (???? DNA ? - RNA).

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The Central Dogma ??? ??????

• DNA carries the genetic material the
  information required by an organism to function.
  DNA is also the means by which organisms transfer
  genetic information to their descendants. In
  organisms with a nucleus (eukaryotes), DNA
  remains in the nucleus whereas proteins are made
  in the cytoplasm outside of the nucleus. The
  intermediate molecule carrying the information
  out of the nucleus is RNA. The information flow
  in biology is summarized by the "central dogma",
  put forward by Francis Crick in 1958

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• The central dogma states that once 'information'
  has passed into protein it cannot get out again.
  The transfer of information from nucleic acid to
  nucleic acid, or from nucleic acid to protein ,
  may be possible , but transfer from protein to
  protein , or from protein to nucleic acid , is
  impossible.

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• ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ??
• ????? ?-DNA ? DNA , ?????? ????????? ??????
  ????? ??????? .
• ????? (1) ???? ????? replication. (???? ?"?
  DNA- Polymerase)
• ????? (2) ???? ?????? (?? ??????) transcription
  .(???? ?"? RNA-Polymerase)
• ????? (3) ???? ????? translation . (???? ?"?
  "?????" Rybosome)

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• ???? ????? (3)
•  
• ????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?"? ?? 4 ??????
  ?????? ?????? ?? ?"? ?? 20 ?????? ?
•  
• ?????? ????? ??
•  
• ?? ?????? (???? ?? 3 ??????) ????? ?????? ????.
  ????? ??? 64 ???????? 44464 ?- 20 ????
  ?????? ????. ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????
  ???.
• ????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? RNA
  ??????? ???? ???? ?"? " ?????" Rybosome.
•  
• ???? ??????? AAU ?- AAC ?????? ?????? ????
  Asn (asparginine)

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?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?- Rybosome
????? ??? ?? ????? ?????? (?????, ?????, ?????)
?? DNA ????? ?? ?????? (????? ??????).
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????? ?????

• ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ,
  ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? , ??? ???? ??????
  ???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???.
• ???? ????? (2)
•  
• GENOME ?????????? ?????? ????? DNA. ????
  ??????? , ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? (gene) .

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???? ?????? ?? Prokaryotes

• Polymerase ??? ?????? (???? ????? ???? ????
  ??????) ????? ?? DNA ? RNA ?? ????? ?????
  ???. ??"? ?? Rybosome ????? ?????.

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???? ?????? ?? Eukaryotes
?? ??? ?? "????? RNA " ,??? ?????? ?? RNA
??????? . ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????. ?-
DNA ?? coding DNA - ??? ??? ????? ????
???? ????? (?????? ????????)
non-coding DNA - ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??????.

• ??? ??????? ???-???? (Prokaryotes) coding DNA
  ?? ???? 70-80 .
• ??? ???-??? (Eukaryotes ) coding DNA ?? ??