Morris%20County%20Public%20Safety%20Training%20Academy

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Morris CountyPublic Safety Training Academy

• Fire Fighter II
• Crossover Review

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FD Organization, Command and Control

• All organizations must have regulations,
  policies, and procedures.
• Regulations are rules that determine how an
  organization operates.
• Policies are formal statements or directives.
• Standards are consensus documents
• Volunteer departments may be organized as
  independent corporations.

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FD Organization, Command and Control

• Board of Directors establish bylaws as governing
  documents.
• Procedures are often referred to as standard
  operating procedures (SOPs).
• Define how a task or assignment is to be
  accomplished
• Same uniform function performed
• SOGs are flexible guidelines

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FD Organization, Command and Control

• Command-manages incident, orders resources
• Operations-performs activities
• Planning-sets goals and objectives
• Logistics-facilities and supplies
• Finance/administration- record keeping

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FD Organization, Command and Control

• Command Staff Positions
• Safety Officer responsible for all responders
• Liaison Officer communication between agencies
• Public Information Officer communicates with
  news media

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Rescue

• Crash Scene Assessment
• Traffic
• Number and types of vehicles involved
• Number and apparent extent of injuries
• Disentanglement requirements
• Other associated hazards

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Rescue

• The victim may be above or below grade.
• NFPA 1983 deals with rope safety.
• Rescuers must be well-trained.
• Be familiar with equipment and techniques.

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Rescue

• Extrication tools range from basic to specialized
  tools.
• Hydraulic tools are operated by gasoline engine,
  electric motor, or air-driven motor.
• Spreaders are used to push and pull.
• Cutters are used for different tasks.
• Rams are used for pushing.
• Combination tools spread and cut.

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Rescue

• Air bags come in high-pressure and
  low/medium-pressure.
• High-pressure bags operate at a maximum inflation
  pressure of about 130 psi.
• Bags come in sizes ranging from 6x 6 to 36x
  36.
• Low/medium-pressure bags can lift very heavy
  loads.

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Rescue

• Air chisels are valuable tools for rescue
  operations.
• Reciprocating saws are also gaining popularity.

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Rescue Harnesses

• Class I safety/ladder belt
• Class II belt with leg loops
• Class III full-body harness

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Structural Collapse Rescue

• Collapse may be natural or from an explosion.
• Pancake collapse
• Lean-to collapse
• V-type collapse
• Structural members
• need to be shored.
• floors
• walls
• roofs
• You need specialized training and equipment.

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Confined Space Rescue

• Definition
• A space large enough to enter
• Not designed for worker occupancy
• Limited egress or access
• Half of victims are attempting rescue
• Concern of oxygen-deficient atmosphere
• Space constantly monitored
• Need proper PPE and equipment
• Back-up crew ready

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Search of Burning Structures (1 of 3)

• This is one of the most dangerous rescue
  situations.
• Training, practicing, and planning are the best
  ways to reduce danger.
• Always enter in teams of two or more.
• Two firefighters in full gear and a charged line
  should be ready to go in, if needed.
• Known as two-in/two-out rule (OSHA)

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Search of Burning Structures (2 of 3)

• Perform a quick survey of structure and
  surroundings.
• Always carry a tool, flashlight, and radio when
  searching.
• Thermal imagers may help see through smoke.
• Search single-family structures using wall as
  reference.
• Known as right-handed or left-handed search

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Search of Burning Structures (3 of 3)

• Commercial or industrial structures require use
  of lifeline or guideline.
• There are two operations to searching a building.
• Primary search
• Window search
• Vent Enter Search
• Secondary search

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Victim Removal, Drags, and Carries

• Victims must be removed carefully and
  expeditiously.
• Try to not cause further injury or aggravate
  existing injury.
• You may not be able to give care due to hazardous
  or hostile environment.
• Use tight core to create power and reduce
  injury.

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Blanket Drag
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Techniques for Breaching Walls

• Breaching walls
• Size up the wall.
• Remove the wall covering.
• Bend or break pipes.
• Push wall covering over on the other side.
• Cut diamond or triangle shape for
• Increased stability
• Cool blades when cutting masonry walls

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Servicing SCBA Cylinders

• Test and certify air source.
• Cylinders must have current hydrostatic test
  date.
• Fill stations must have fragmentation containment
  devices.
• Always follow manufacturers recommendations.
• Remember, fill rates will vary.
• (300-600 lbs./min.)

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Communications

• Receiving Reports of Emergencies
• The following information must be obtained.
• Location of emergency
• Nature of the emergency
• Callback number
• Callers location and situation

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Communications

• First arriving unit establishes command and
  provides initial report.
• Command can be transferred as needed.

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Communications

• Status/Progress reports should be given regularly
  during large incidents.
• Some SOPs call for time marking incidents at
  regular intervals.
• Initial Status within 10 minutes of arrival
• Status Reports every 10 15 minutes
• PAR 10 30 minutes, after emergencies, or mode
  changes

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Endothermic Reaction

• When molecules are joined, heat is absorbed.
• This is known as endothermic reaction.

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Exothermic Reaction

• When bonds break, heat is released.
• This is known as an exothermic reaction.

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Vapor Pressure and Vapor Density

• Air pressure changes at different altitudes.
• At sea level, air pressure is 14.7 psi.
• Gases that weigh less than the same volume of air
  will be lighter and tend to rise.
• Gases that weigh greater than air will be heavier
  and tend to drop to low lying areas.

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Nozzles

• Fog Nozzles
• Operate from 50 to 100 psi
• Provide good reach that varies with pattern
• Provide good penetration
• Produce more steam
• Can be used to assist in horizontal ventilation

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Nozzles

• Solid Stream
• Hand line tips are from 3/4 to 1¼ at 50 psi.
• Master stream tips are 1 and larger at 80 psi.
• Hand lines can reach over 70 and master streams
  about 100.
• Have less effect on a rooms thermal balance.
• Have good penetration.

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Nozzles

• Special Purpose Nozzles
• These were developed for use in limited types of
  situations.
• Cellar nozzles and Bresnan distributors are
  effective for basement and cellar fires.
• Piercing nozzles were designed to penetrate
  aircraft skin and building walls and floors.
• Water curtain nozzle is designed to spray water
  to protect against exposures to heat.

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Foam Characteristics

• Foams ability to extinguish fires is based on
  several characteristics.
• Application rate
• Heat resistance
• Knockdown speed
• Fuel resistance
• Vapor suppression

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Classification of Fuels

• Class A material can be extinguished using a
  detergent-based foam.
• Class B fires include flammable liquids and large
  quantities of foam are best for these types of
  fires.
• Hydrocarbons

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Application of Foam

• Foam is a mixture that requires a device to
  combine the foam concentrate with water.
• Air must then be added.
• An eductor is often used which works on the
  venturi principle.
• Foam can also be delivered by a compressed air
  foam system.
• Foam nozzles have the ability to aspirate proper
  quantities of air into the solution and apply the
  foam to the fuel.
• Must have proper pressure and flow

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Service Testing of Fire Hose (1 of 2)

• Test fire hose prior to placing in use, and then
  retest annually.
• Use a record keeping system.
• Begin testing with a visual inspection.
• Check for thread damage.
• Check couplings
• Service testing involves testing hose under
  pressure.

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Service Testing of Fire Hose (2 of 2)

• Pressure testing is designed to check for hose
  failure.
• Place a hose test valve on the discharge pump to
  limit flow rate of the water.
• Attach hoselines to the pumping device and test
  pressure.
• Do not test more than 300 feet of hose at a time.
• Follow local SOPs for testing.

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Protective Systems

• Protection of Occupants
• Building codes
• Fire Alarms
• Protection of Structures
• Sprinklers
• Standpipes
• Class ITrained users, 2½, 500 GPM, no hose
• Class II-Occupant use, 1 ½, 100 GPM, unlined
  hose
• Class III- Both users, 500 GPM, 2½ 1½

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Preaction Systems
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Water Distribution Systems

• After treatment, water goes into the distribution
  system.
• Water mains are divided into feeders.
• Primary feeders divide into secondary feeders and
  distribution lines.
• Good systems are interconnected into loops and
  grids.

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Process of Fire Extinguishment

• First, create a plan of attack.
• Apply plan of action quickly, efficiently,and as
  safely as possible.
• Attack methods
• Direct
• Indirect
• Combination
• The goal with any method is to save property.

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Flammable Gas Fire
Vapor
Liquid
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Fire Cause and Determination

• Be aware of possible causes.
• Be observant.
• Do not remove anything until approved by
  investigator.
• Any small markings or findings are valuable to
  the investigation.

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Fire Cause and Determination

• Preservation of evidence
• Point of origin determination
• V patterns
• Depth of Char

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Inspection Responsibilities

• Equipment
• Preparation for inspections
• Conducting the inspection
• Concluding the inspection
• Reinspection

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Pre-incident Management Process

• Pre-incident management and preplanning are
  related, yet different.
• Deciding to preplan
• Site visit
• Diagrams
• Seeking input from others
• The finished document

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Type I Fire Resistive Construction

• It is designed to stop spread of fire from one
  area to another.
• Steel and concrete used for structural members.
• There is a three- to four-hour fire resistive
  requirement.
• Fire may spread through broken windows, elevator
  shafts, and utility runs.
• Spalling weakens structure

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Type II Noncombustible Construction

• Steel is the primary material used.
• It may have combustible contents causing fire
  spread.
• Suburban strip malls are typically Type II
  construction.

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Type III Ordinary Construction

• Masonry walls with wood roofs and floors
• May have many void spaces for fire spread
• Sagging floors of older buildings reinforced with
  steel rods
• Floor beams, typically gravity fit, may fail
  quickly when floors sag

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Type IV Heavy Timber Construction

• Thick masonry walls with large dimension lumber
  for floors and roofs.
• Few void spaces, but many open spaces.
• Floors will collapse when sagging leaving walls
  unsupported.

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Type V Frame Construction

• The wood frame is most common.
• It may be balloon frame or platform.
• Newer lightweight buildings are like a
  horizontal balloon frame. (serious hazard)
• It is protected from fire by covering with gypsum
  board.
• Brick veneers may be frame construction.

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Construction Type to Occupancy Use

• Anticipated use determines occupancy
  classification.
• Common classifications
• Residential
• Commercial
• Business
• Industrial
• Hazardous
• Educational
• Classification will help firefighters understand
  specific fire problems.
• Buildings constructed under one type may have
  been converted to different use.

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Building Materials

• Effects of heat/fire
• Steel expands and weakens
• Wood chars, dimensions effect strength
• Concrete spalls, pieces break off

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Collapse Hazards at Structure FiresTrusses

• Trusses are beams that use triangles of lumber to
  replace mass.
• Failure of a single part will cause entire truss
  to fail.
• Failure of a single truss may lead to multiple
  truss failures.
• Gusset plates used to join wood components absorb
  heat faster than the wood.

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Collapse Hazards at Structure FiresTrusses

• Steel trusses have a high surface to mass ratio.
• Truss roof collapses have killed and injured many
  firefighters.
• An open web steel truss is called a bar joist.

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Collapse Hazards at Structure FiresSigns

• Waiting for visual indicators is dangerous rely
  on construction knowledge and preplanning.

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Collapse Hazards at Structure FiresSigns

• Factors and visual indicators that may assist in
  predicting a collapse
• Age of building
• Cracks
• Presence of tie rods
• Open spans
• Sagging floors
• Smoke from cracks
• Bulging walls

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Hazardous Material Management Systems

• Different management systems are available to
  manage HAZMAT incidents
• 8-Step Process
• GEDAPER process
• DECIDE process
• HAZWOPER regulations require the use of Incident
  Management System (IMS).

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Defensive Operations (2 of 2)

• Absorption
• Diking
• Damming
• Overflow
• Underflow
• Diverting

• Retention
• Dilution
• Vapor dispersion
• Vapor suppression
• Remote shutoffs

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Meter Terminology

• Bump test (field test)
• Calibration
• Reaction time
• Recovery times
• Relative response
• Oxygen monitor
• Flammable gas indicators (FGI)

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Morris County Public Safety Academy

• Any Questions?

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Morris County Public Safety Academy

• GOOD LUCK!