CH 3 Recreation

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CH 3 Recreation
20203 Recreation Management

• Tzu-Ching Chang Ph.D
• Tourism School
• Ming Chung University

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Today

• Why do we need to study recreation?
• Social factors promoting the recreation
• Is there a need to manage leisure recreation?

• Who provides recreation services?
• What is recreation ?
• The comparison with leisure and play
• Recreation theories

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Why do we need to study recreation?

• Recreation constitutes a major force in our
  national and local economics and its responsible
  for millions of jobs within such varied fields as
  travel and tourism, fitness programming, popular
  entertainment and the arts, and professional
  sports.

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Social factors promoting the recreation

• Some social factors can help to bring about the
  growth of recreation and leisure programs and
  services in USA.
• Those include economic structure, culture change,
  change in interests, increase of leisure time.

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1. Increase in Discretionary time

• The growth of free or discretionary time in the
  20 century
• In 1970s to 80s, average working hours over 50
  hours
• Work from home Manager time more efficient
• How about yourself?

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2. Affluence and population growth

• The growth in GNP and personal income
• The higher ones level of education, the more
  likely one is to engage in a wide variety of
  recreational pursuits
• Recreation expenditures
• In 70s - 91.3
• In 90s - 304.1

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3. Where people live?

• City recreation such as opera companies, art,
  nature history museums, libraries
• People sometimes move to rural area because of
  recreation and leisure resources

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4. Cultural explosion

• The building of numerous local community cultural
  center
• The increasing interests in arts and culture
• Since 1980s, the National Recreation and Park
  Association established awards programs for the
  best community programs in the arts and
  humanities

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5. Growth of interest in health, physical
fitness, and sport

• The growth of public interest in exercise and
  physical fitness program grew during the 1970s
  and 1980s.
• Such as aerobics, swimming, running and jogging,
  racquet sports, Tabo
• The increased professional exercise team such as
  baseball, basketball, ice hockey, beach
  volleyball.

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6. Environmental Concerns

• Outdoor recreation activities such as camping,
  hiking, backpacking, boating, hunting, fishing,
  and skiing depend on parks, forests, water areas,
  and natural resources
• Many organizations to support the conservation of
  natural environment and areas such as National
  Wildlife Federation, Wilderness Society, Sierra
  Club

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6. Environmental Concerns

• Outdoor recreation activities such as camping,
  hiking, backpacking, boating, hunting, fishing,
  and skiing depend on parks, forests, water areas,
  and natural resources
• Many organizations to support the conservation of
  natural environment and areas such as National
  Wildlife Federation, Wilderness Society, Sierra
  Club

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7. Therapeutic recreation and the needs of
persons with disabilities

• During the last three decades, it has expanded
  from a narrow focus on hospitals and other
  residential setting to a broader concern with
  many types of special populations in the
  community, in day-care center, camps for
  individuals with disability and others

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8. New leisure roles for girls and women

• Women have succeeded in breaking down the
  barriers to participate in a host of formerly
  male-restricted social, business club or
  semi-secret socieites

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Is there a need to manage leisure recreation?

• Nature provide us with abundant resources for
  recreation. We should have access to those
  recreation resources without additional
  facilities, services Some people argue that no
  need for expensive facilities, services,
  programmers, and management
• What do you think?

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• Leisure and recreation management and its
  management and planning are concerned about
  people.
• Concerned with the leisure software-the quality
  of of the experience
• Concerned with the efficiency use of the leisure
  and recreation use

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Management make recreation more accessible

• By means of a range of services and faculties
• both indoor and outdoor
• Outdoor gardens, open spaces, play areas,
  playground
• Indoor entertainment, art, music, drama,
  literary activities, physical education
• in and around the home

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Management make recreation more accessible

• By means of a range of services and faculties
• In the urban environment
• In rural areas
• In the countryside
• Require good road network, maps and signposting,
  scenic viewing, car parking, picnic area, clean
  beaches, water supply

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Who provides recreation services?

• Government agencies federal, state, and
  provincial agencies, and local departments of
  recreation and parks
• Voluntary organizations they are
  nongovernmental, nonprofit agencies, serving the
  public. Such as YMCA, YWCA
• Private membership organizations such as golf,
  tennis, yacht, country club

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Who provides recreation services?

• Commercial recreation enterprise including a
  great variety of privately owned such as ski
  center, movie theater, fitness center, amusement
  or theme park
• Employee recreation programs which serve those
  who work for given company industrial
  recreation
• Armed forces recreation they operate their own
  network of recreation facilities and programs

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Who provides recreation services?

• Campus recreation physical recreation, sports
  clubs, social activities, performing arts groups
• Therapeutic recreation services design for
  persons with physical or mental disabilities

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What is recreation ?

• The difference between
• Play
• Leisure
• Recreation

Discussion
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Play

• It has often been described as a children form of
  activity, not worthy of serious thought, leading
  psychologists and anthropologists today agree
  that play is an essential element in healthy
  human development.
• Play involves basic drives and makes an important
  contribution to psychological well-being.
• May be part of work

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Play

• It is a form of human or animal activity or
  behavior style that is self-motivated and carried
  on for intrinsic (not external) purpose.
• Pleasurable and full of competition, human,
  creative exploration or role-playing
• Lack of structure such as sports

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Leisure

• During the days of ancient Greece, leisure served
  chiefly to identify the upper classes in society,
  since it was regarded as their unique possession.
• Leisure has been defined by economists and
  sociologists simply as non-work time.
• Also regarded as a way of life marked by a sense
  of freedom and independent choice, and as the
  individuals opportunity for achieving
  self-actualization.

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• Definition 1 Leisure is that portion of an
  individuals time that is not directly devoted to
  work or work-connected responsibilities or to
  other obligated forms for maintenance or
  self-care.
• Definition 2 Leisure implies freedom and choice
  and is used in different ways to meet ones
  personal needs for reflection, self-enrichment,
  relaxation or pleasure.
• Definition 3 Leisure is an active participation
  in a wider ranger of often challenging or
  demanding activities.

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Recreation

• The history of the organized recreation movement
  in UK and USA is around late nineteenth and early
  twentieth centuries.
• From Latin recreatio
• Restoration to health
• A process that restores or recreates the
  individual
• An activity that renews people for work

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Recreation

• In the past, recreation was regarded chiefly as a
  pleasurable and relaxing activity that served to
  restore and refresh individuals so that they
  might return to their work with new energy.
• Today it is understood to be a much more complex
  phenomenon, with meanings that extend far beyond
  simply taking part in activity.

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Contemporary definitions for Recreation

• Recreation has been seen as an activity carried
  on under certain conditions or with certain
  motivations
• Recreation has been viewed as a process or state
  of being something that happens within the
  person while engaging in certain kinds of
  activity, with a given set of expectations
• Recreation has been perceived as a social
  institution, a body of knowledge, or a
  professional field.

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Other approaches of the definitions

• Any activity pursued during leisure, either
  individual or collective, that is free and
  pleasure, having its own immediate appeal, not
  impelled by a delayed reward beyond itself.
  (Dictionary of Sociology)
• A worthwhile, socially acceptable leisure
  experience providing immediate, inherent
  satisfaction to the individual who voluntarily
  participates in activity. (Hutchinson, 1949)

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• Recreation is morally sound and mentally and
  physically upbuilding
• Recreation is not a matter of motions, but rather
  emotions it is a personal response, a
  psychological recreation, an attitude, an
  approach, a way of life.
• Recreation is considered as providing personal
  well-being.

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Discussion Time

• The contrasting meanings of play, leisure and
  recreation?
• How they overlap?
• Differ from each other?

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Leisure
Work time
Continuing education Religious practice Community
service
Recreation
Play
Traveling, Reading, going to museum, shopping.
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• Leisure provides an opportunity to carry on both
  play and recreation.
• Others education, community service
• Play
• Children activity
• can occur during the leisure and work time
• A form of behavior full of competition, testing
• Concerns by parents and educators
• Recreation
• Adult activity
• Only occur during the leisure time
• Goal-oriented

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Recreation theories

• Recreation as needs-serving
• Whatever the choice of recreation, each
  individual seeks to satisfy some inner need.
• Recreation as leisure-time activity
• The activity, either individual or collective,
  pursed during ones leisure time

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Recreation theories

• Recreation as a value to individual and society
• Can improve personal life
• Besides can improve society unity and the quality
  of life
• Recreation as a re-creation
• Reactions to personal recreation experiences
  indicate that recreation is a highly significant
  component of total life experience.
• If the activities can not generate this kind of
  feeling, it cant be called as Recreation

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What is the thing called recreation?

• Time distortion time stood still, an hour
  seemed like a minute
• Anticipation and expectation
• Escape getting away from it all
• Novelty the sense of for the first time brings
  freshness and uniqueness

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• Relaxation, including release from social
  convention and personal demands
• Self-testing challenge and achievement,
  competence and self-worth
• Improved self-image
• Feeling a part of nature and beauty
• Heightened appreciation and unusual perception
• sorting out of life experience
• Communion love friendship

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• Personal development learning and extension of
  ability
• Refreshment personal renewal and recovery of
  powers
• Common experience shared hardship teamwork
• Risk apprehension
• Unity of mind and body
• Feelings of excitement, freedom, control, power,
  creativity a powerful stimulus to emotional
  response

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Recreation Any kind of satisfying experience?

• Positive emotional response to participation in a
  recreation activity, defined as such by the
  individual or by a sponsoring agency or
  organization. Responses associated with the
  recreation experience include feeling good about
  self and others, experiencing a sense of inner
  calm or personal satisfaction, There is a clear
  absence of stress and tension which produce
  anxiety the joy or re-creative experience is
  achieved. The essence of the classical view of
  leisure is achieved.
• NOT ALL POSITIVIE EXPERIENCES ARE RECREATION AND
  ARE RELATED BOTH TO LEISURE AND ACTIVITY.

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Recreation- An institution and a process

• Recreation can be perceived as a structure, an
  institution.
• So recreation can be viewed as a process of what
  happens to an individual.
• A directing social force
• An inner-directed experience

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• A social process
• Murphy (1975) viewed recreation as a process
  towards self-realization, fostering interaction,
  novelty, challenge, diversity, adventure,
  identity and other qualities.
• A process orientation
• The role in the dynamics of CHANGE
• The aspects of PSYCHOLOGICAL response

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• A social institution
• Kraus (1971) suggested that activities and
  organizations, sponsored by government at various
  levels, schools, churches, industries, voluntary
  agencies and the business world all of which
  proved varied recreational opportunities.
• A social institution
• Have distinctive value orientations
• Successful in meeting societal needs

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• An activity focus
• Product-orientated
• Concerned with facilities and programmers
• A structure, a framework and a social institution
  in society
• An activity related to sports, games, art and
  other leisure-time pursuits

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• An experience focus
• Process-orientated
• Concern what an activity does for a person
• Concern with well-being and self-fulfillment
• More play-like in spirit

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Recreation and management

• The leisure professional has to live in a world
  of recreation traditions, systems, institutions
  and facilities, together with demands, employers,
  budgets and politicians.
• When the leisure professional need to communicate
  with policy makers, recreation experience should
  be considered arising from the recreation
  activity.
• Some factors should be incorporated into
  recreation programmers and activities.

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• Recreation is personal, the activities should be
  concerned with individual satisfactions
• Recreation is concerned with freedom, therefore
  programmers should offer a satisfactory choice.
• Recreation is refreshing, therefore activities
  should have immediate value.
• Recreation can be found in any activity,
  physical, social, intellectual and spiritual,
  therefore programmers must be concerned with the
  whole person.

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• Recreation is creative, therefore programmers
  should have concern for the indirect benefits and
  creations which arise from the activities.
• Recreation will often arise through play,
  therefore opportunities for participation in the
  spirit of play, with the players in control, need
  to be encouraged.
• The fullest recreation experience is found in
  oneness and unity, therefore activities should be
  sought which give opportunity for peak
  experiences.