Sarason

1
CHAPTER 1

• INTRODUCTION

2
WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?
3
WHAT IS ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR?(continued)
4
WHAT IS MENTAL HEALTH?

• THE CAPACITY TO
• THINK RATIONALLY
• THINK LOGICALLY
• COPE EFFECTIVELY WITH STRESS
• COPE EFFECTIVELY WITH LIFES CHALLENGES
• DEMONSTRATE EMOTIONAL STABILITY
• ACHIEVE PERSONAL GROWTH

5
SIGNS OF DETERIORATINGMENTAL HEALTH

• Im no good. (Low self-regard)
• Everybody plots against me. (Distortion of
  reality)
• Im no good at anything. (Occupational and
  social incompetence)
• I feel tense all the time. (Anxiety)
• Life isnt worth living. (Depression)
• I feel mad most of the time. (Anger)
• I feel like I am always pumped physicallylike
  my heart is racing.(Heightened physiological
  reactivity)

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THE STIGMA OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

• PREJUDICE
• DISCRIMINATION
• STEREOTYPICAL RESPONSES
• SOCIAL OSTRICIZATION
• REJECTION BY FRIENDS AND FAMILY
• PUBLIC MISUNDERSTANDING OF THE CAUSES OF ABNORMAL
  BEHAVIOR

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ADAPTIVE AND MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR

• ADAPTATIVE BEHAVIOR
• BALANCING WHAT WE WANT TO DO WITH WHAT THE
  ENVIRONMENT AND SOCIETY DEMANDS
• MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
• PROBLEMS IN EVERYDAY LIFE CAUSED BY
• BRAIN DAMAGE OR OTHER ORGANIC CAUSES
• PRESENT OR PAST SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
• STRSESFUL LIFE EVENTS

8
THE HISTORY ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

• ANCIENT WESTERN WORLD
• HIPPOCRATES
• SOCRATES
• ARISTOTLE
• PLATO
• GALEN
• THE MIDDLE AGES
• Saint Augustine

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HISTORY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

• THE RENAISSSANCE
• JOHANN WEYER
• THE AGE OF REASON AND ENLIGHTENMENT
• WILLIAM HARVEY
• BARUCH SPINOZA
• ROBERT BURTON
• FRANZ JOSEPH GALL
• WILIAM CULLEN
• FRANZ ANTON MESMER

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HISTORY OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

• THE REFORM MOVEMENT IN EUROPE
• PHILLIPE PINEL- FRANCE
• BETHLEHEM HOSPITAL ENGLAND
• BELIEF IN MORAL TREATMENT LED TO GROWTH OF
  ASYLUMS
• THE REFORM MOVEMENT IN THE U.S.
• BENJAMIN RUSH
• DOROTHEA DIX
• CLIFFORD BEERS

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RECENT CONCEPTS OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

• THE PSYCHOLOGICAL APPROACH
• FOCUS ON EMOTION AND IRRATIONAL FEELINGS
• THE ORGANIC APPROACH
• ABNORMAL BRAIN STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
• INTERACTIONAL/PSYCHOSOCIAL APPROACH
• CONVERGENCE OF BIOLGOICAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL, AND
  SOCIAL FACTORS

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THE INTERACTIONAL PERSPECTIVE

• STRESS
• OUR REACTION TO SITUATIONS THAT POSE DEMANDS,
  CONSTRAINTS, AND OPPORTUNITIES
• VULNERABILITY
• HOW LIKELY WE ARE TO RESPOND MALADAPTIVELY TO
  STRESSFUL SITUATIONS
• RISK FACTORS VS. PROTECTIVE FACTORS
• RESILIENCE
• OUR ABILITY TO BOUNCE BACK FOLLOWING
  SIGNIFICANT STRESS
• HOW GOOD ARE OUR COPING SKILLS?

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THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR
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THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
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EPIDEMIOILOGICAL CONCEPTS
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FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH RATES OF DIAGNOSED MENTAL
DISORDER
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SEEKING HELP FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

• REASONS FOR CLINICAL CONTACTS
• PERSONAL UNHAPPINESS
• CONCERNS OF OTHERS
• LEGAL PROBLEMS
• COMMUNITY PROBLEMS

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SEEKING HELP FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

• TREATMENT FACILITIES

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SEEKING HELP FOR ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR

• TYPES OF MENTAL HEALTH SPECIALISTS
• Clinical Psychologist (Ph.D. or Psy.D.)
• Counseling Psychologist (Ph.D. or Ed.D.)
• Psychiatrist (M.D.)
• Psychiatric Social Worker
• Psychiatric Nurse

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RESEARCH IN ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

• OBSERVING BEHAVIOR
• THE ROLE OF THEORY
• RESEARCH
• CASE STUDIES
• CORRELATINAL STUDIES
• ASSESSMENT STUDIES
• LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
• FOLLOW-UP STUDIES
• CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES
• EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES

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TYPES OF EXPERIMENTS

• HYPOTHESIS-TESTING
• BEHAVIOR CHANGE
• ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS
• HUMAN EXPERIMENTS

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STEPS IN CLINICAL TRIALS
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A TYPICAL EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
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RESEARCH DESIGN, STATISTICAL ANALYSES, AND
INFERENCES

• A GOOD DESIGN HAS EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL VALIDITY.
• DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS SUMMARIZE OBSERVATIONS.
• Mean, median, mode, range, standard deviation
• INFERENTIAL STATITSTCS ALLOW COMPARISONS BETWEEN
  GROUPS.
• Level of significance, correlation coefficient.

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THREE KINDS OF CORRELATION RESULTS
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INTERPRETING RESEARCH RESULTS

• FACTORS THAT CAN BIAS RESULTS
• CONFOUNDING
• REACTIVITY
• DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS
• EXPECTANCY EFFECTS
• SAMPLING ISSUES

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ETHICAL ASPECTS OF RESEARCH

• RESEARCHERS SHOULD NOT PLACE SUBJECTS IN PHYSICAL
  OR PSYCHOLOGICAL JEOPARDY.
• SUBJECTS MUST BE INFORMED NATURE AND HAZARDS OF
  EXPERIMENT.
• SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS MUST BE TAKEN WITH CHILDREN,
  PEOPLE WITH MENTAL RETARDATION AND SERIOUS MENTAL
  ILLNESSES, AND PRISONERS.
• VIOLATING ETHICAL PRINCIPLES HAS SERIOUS LEGAL
  AND PROFESSIONAL CONSEQUENCES.