Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing: Sustainability

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X Towards Sustainable Packaging

• Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing
  Sustainability
• Sustainable Manufacturing
• Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts Examples
• Principles of Sustainability        
• Methods/Guidelines/Regulations       
• Metrics/Indicators
• Tools/ Software    
•    

2
X Towards Sustainable Packaging

• Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing
  Sustainability
• Sustainable Manufacturing
• Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts Examples
• Principles of Sustainability        
• Methods/Guidelines/Regulations       
• Metrics/Indicators
• Tools/ Software    
•    

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Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing
Sustainability
Manufacturing
Consumables
Workforce
Tools
Product Complexity
Impacts
Facilities
Part Precision
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Sustainable Manufacturing

• Manufacturing is known as a process by which
  materials are removed, conserved, and added for
  the purpose of making products. after Dorfeld,
  2008 This has traditionally been an inefficient
  process which is resource and energy intensive
  and has not yet reached a sustainable state.
• There are many contemporary frameworks which
  exist to guide understanding and application of
  sustainable practices in the world of
  manufacturing. There are also many tools,
  methodologies and collections of metrics used
  apply these frameworks.

• One can think of sustainable manufacturing as a
  salad of concepts and practices. Many different
  ingredients can be thrown into a bowl of social,
  economic and environmental issues related to
  manufacturing.
• Such a mix of sustainable manufacturing concepts
  can be broken apart and examined in many
  different ways.
• In order to explore the concepts associated with
  sustainable manufacturing we are going to break
  the salad apart in one way (by principles,
  methods and metrics) but just as there are other
  ways to examine a salads contents and related
  parts (whether by food groups, nutritional
  values, or color) there are other ways to analyze
  this domain.

Principles, Methods Metrics
Social, Economic Environmental Themes
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X Towards Sustainable Packaging

• Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing
  Sustainability
• Sustainable Manufacturing
• Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts Examples
• Principles of Sustainability        
• Methods/Guidelines/Regulations       
• Metrics/Indicators
• Tools/ Software    
•    

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Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts Examples

• Principles embody certain collections of values
  which have come to be associated with
  sustainability concerns at different scopes and
  scales.
• (Analytical) methods, (action-oriented)
  guidelines/scorecards/criteria/decision-making
  strategies and (evaluatory) regulations/standards
  are guided by principles. Some agencies create a
  variety of principles, methods, standards, and
  regulations that work to address their cause
  throughout the product lifecycle.
• Collections of metrics are used by methods and
  make up regulations
• The values embedded in all of these concepts
  evolve from sustainability's core which requires
  balancing issues related to ecology/environment,
  economy/employment and equity/equality

Principles
Design Guidelines
Scorecards, Checklists Criteria
Analytical methods
Regulations Standards
Metrics
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X Towards Sustainable Packaging

• Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing
  Sustainability
• Sustainable Manufacturing
• Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts Examples
• Principles of Sustainability        
• Methods/Guidelines/Regulations       
• Metrics/Indicators
• Tools/ Software    
•    

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Principles
guide analysis and action

• Design
• Biomimicry/ Principles of Ecological Design
• Sanborn Principles
• Design for Disassembly
• Community/Labor Ecology
• Houston Principles
• Waste Reduction (Affects the Biosphere and
  Business)
• Circular Economy
• Cradle to Cradle
• Industrial Ecology
• Management of Natural Resources in the Biosphere
  and in Commerce (Managing Impact while Balancing
  Interests and Values)
• Precautionary principle
• Natural Step
• 5 Capitals Model
• Triple Bottom Line
• Environmental Health Safety
• Green Chemistry
• Toxicology

• Definitions
• SCP - Sustainable Packaging
• SJC Sustainable Packaging
• Wal-mart - Sustainable Packaging
• SPA Sustainable Packaging
• Sustainable Biomaterials Collaborative
  Sustainable Packaging
• We are currently working on an spreadsheet to
  collect and compare principles, their identifying
  characteristics and source.

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Houston Principles

• State that the future of a healthy economy and
  environment are tied, and that labor,
  environmental and community groups need to work
  together to take action against corporate power,
  the undermining of democratic processes and
  ensure that interests in long-term sustainability
  are the aim of short-term actions.

• Created to hold corporations accountable for
  their impact on
• Working people,
• Communities and
• The Environment

• Purpose
• Remind the public that the original purpose
  behind the creation of corporations was to serve
  the public interest - namely working people,
  communities, and the earth.
• Seek stricter enforcement of labor laws and
  advocate for new laws to guarantee working people
  their right to form unions and their right to
  bargain collectively.
• Make workplaces, communities and the planet safer
  by reducing waste and greenhouse gas emissions.
• Demand that global trade agreements include
  enforceable labor and environmental standards.
• Promote forward-thinking business models that
  allow for sustainability over the long term while
  protecting working people, communities, and the
  environment.

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Cradle to Cradle
The goal is a delightfully diverse safe and just
world with clean air soil power and water
economically, equitably, ecologically and
elegantly enjoyed.

• In Cradle to Cradle, McDonough and Braungart
  (2002) note that a regenerative environment like
  a cherry tree is sustainable.
• It is a closed loop where Waste (of the
  system)(the same systems) Food.
• A manufacturing system can function under those
  same ideals.
• This concept stresses eco-effectiveness, quality
  prior to quantity, and biological and technical
  resource cycles which recycle in a manner that
  instead of downcycling the quality of
  materials, upcycles or regenerates.

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Sustainable Packaging CoalitionDefinition
to advocate and communicate a positive, robust
environmental vision for packaging and to support
innovative, functional packaging materials and
systems that promote economic and environmental
health through supply chain collaboration
Sustainable Packaging Coalition

• Sustainable packaging
• Is beneficial, safe healthy for individuals and
  communities throughout its life cycle
• Meets market criteria for performance and cost
• Is sourced, manufactured, transported, and
  recycled using renewable energy
• Maximizes the use of renewable or recycled source
  materials
• Is manufactured using clean production
  technologies and best practices
• Is made from materials healthy in all probable
  end of life scenarios
• Is physically designed to optimize materials and
  energy
• Is effectively recovered and utilized in
  biological and/or industrial cradle to cradle
  cycles.

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SCJ Sustainable Packaging Definition

• Sustainable packaging
• Is capable of being produced indefinitely by the
  planet
• Does not pollute the planet or damage the
  environment
• Is sourced, manufactured, transported and
  recycled using renewable energy sources which are
  non-polluting and
• Meets the market criteria for performance and
  cost or the trade-off for environment
  friendliness is minimal.

• Goals
• SCJ set 5 year goal to achieve 34 improvement in
  raw materials score of products as measured by
  Greenlist process (by 2012)

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Wal-Marts Sustainable Packaging Principles

• Goals
• Reduce packaging across global supply chain by 5
  percent by 2013 (3.4 billion of savings)
• The primary goal of the Packaging Sustainable
  Value Network is to be packaging neutral by 2025,
  which means all packaging recovered or recycled
  at our stores and Clubs will be equal to the
  amount of packaging used by the products on our
  shelves.
• Also 100 Renewable Energy, Zero Waste, Sustain
  Environment and Resources
• Principles 7 Rs
• Remove
• Reduce
• Reuse
• Renew(able)
• Recycle(able)
• Revenue
• Read

Image from The Greening of Wal-Mart
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Sustainable Packaging Alliance -Sustainable
Packaging Principles

• 4 sustainability principles need to be met by
  packaging
• effective - provide social and economic benefits
• efficient - provide benefits by using materials,
  energy and water as efficiently as possible
• cyclic - be recoverable through industrial or
  natural systems and
• safe - non-polluting and non-toxic.

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Sustainable Biomaterials Collaborative

• They define a sustainable biomaterial as
• (1) sourced from sustainably grown and harvested
  cropland or forests,
• (2) manufactured without hazardous inputs and
  impacts,
• (3) healthy and safe for the environment during
  use, and
• (4) designed to be reutilized at the end of their
  intended use such as via recycling or composting.

• Core principles include
• Reduce the amount of material, product and
  packaging used
• Eliminate single-use products that can be neither
  recycled or composted
• Avoid fossil-fuel-based materials in favor of
  materials and products derived from renewable
  feedstocks
• Address sustainability across the life cycle of
  the material the growing of the feedstock,
  manufacturing of the biomaterial and final
  product, using the product and reclaiming the
  material at the end of its original use
• Define sustainability to include issues of
  environment, health, and social and economic
  justice
• Design and use products that are reusable,
  recyclable or compostable

• Encourage agricultural systems that are
  sustainable for farmers, the environment, farm
  workers and communities
• Support small- to mid-sized family owned and
  operated farms
• Do not use genetically modified organisms in
  agricultural feedstock production
• Use chemicals that meet the 12 Principles of
  Green Chemistry
• Avoid engineered nanomaterials and chemicals that
  have not been tested for environmental and public
  health effects across the lifecycle and
• Decentralize production and buy local to reduce
  the environmental footprint of production,
  transportation, and consumption.

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We call it
Plan A
because there is no Plan B. Marks Spencer

• A 5 year plan based on 100 Points
• 5 Pillars, each with a primary goal for 2012
• Climate Change - Become carbon neutral
• Waste - Send no waste to landfill
• Sustainable Raw Materials - Extend sustainable
  sourcing
• Health - Help improve the lives of people in our
  supply chain
• Fair Partner - Help customers and employees live
  a healthier life-style
• Goals with Regard to Packaging
• Reduce Use of Packaging by 25
• Use materials from sustainable or recycled
  sources (cardboard, metal, glass and plastic)
• Restrict range of materials to ones that are easy
  to recycle or compost (focus on PLA, PP, PET, PE
• Print simple symbols on packaging
• Reduce use of carrier beds by 33 and make all
  bags from recycled plastics

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X Towards Sustainable Packaging

• Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing
  Sustainability
• Sustainable Manufacturing
• Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts Examples
• Principles of Sustainability        
• Methods/Guidelines/Regulations       
• Metrics/Indicators
• Tools/ Software    
•    

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Methods

• Action-oriented Design Guidelines
• SPC
• WRAP
• Wal-Mart Package Modeling
• JohnsonJohnson
• IPEN Guidelines
• Scorecards, Checklists Criteria
• Wal-Mart Scorecard
• SCJohnson
• Analytical Methods
• Lifecycle Analysis (Process, EIO LCA, Hybrid)
• Footprints (Ecological, Carbon, Water)
• SPC COMPASS
• BASF
• SPA
• Evaluative Regulations Standards
• European Commission
• Extended Producer Responsibility
• Environmental Product Declaration

• Design guidelines
• Oriented around principles
• Meant to be simple
• Aided by decision-making tools
• Often voluntary used by private companies, gov
  and ngo
• Scorecards
• Quantitative
• Often used to check progress
• Hard to compare tradeoffs
• Implicit assumptions
• Innovative changes often not captured
• Analytical tools
• Company specific data, processes, assumptions
  etc.
• Used to track improvement
• Regulations
• Give direction or target for industry
• Specific goal(s) (EOL, waste etc)
• Top-down rather than bottom-up approach

We are collecting details on these any many other
methodologies related to sustainable packaging to
compare in spreadsheets.
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Design Guidelines

• Includes various design strategy sections
• Design sustainably
• Design for transport
• Design with environmental best practice
• Design with fair labor and trade practices
• Design with renewable virgin materials
• Design for reuse
• Design for recycling
• Design for composting
• SPC also provides
• The Essentials of Sustainable Packaging
  Curriculum
• Packaging Design Library
• Communications
• Environmental Technical Briefs

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WRAPs Guide to Evolving Packaging Design

• Waste Resources Action Programme (WRAP) runs
  programs to support UK government legislation and
  private initiatives.
• Design Guidelines focus on waste reduction and
  material checklists, specifically
• Waste hierarchy is applied to packaging
• The material checklist weighs pros and cons of
  each material

• Future plans include aiming for specific goals
  beyond waste reduction, (incorporating measures
  of carbon, recycled content, recyclability and
  behavioral change.) Five Winds International

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Responsible Packaging Code of Practice

• From the UK, 2nd ed. in 2003.
• 7 parameters
• Function of packaging through the supply chain
• Honesty in presentation
• Convenience in use
• Instructions, guidance and information
• Legal requirements
• Health, safety and consumer protection
• Environmental aspects

• Innovation in materials and products (resource
  efficiency)
• System considerations (packaging should improve
  sustainability of system and reduce was through
  system)
• Space and weight efficiency (for transportation)
• Re-use
• Process waste (at all points in supply chain)
• Best practice with materials (enable recovery)
• Energy recovery and material recycling
• Litter

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s Sustainable Packaging Scorecard

• Scorecard is based on the MERGE Tool template
• A suppliers score, whether for secondary,
  tertiary or primary packaging follows this
  formula
• 15 based on carbon dioxide per ton of production
  (only material manufacturing emissions are
  measured)
• 15 based on material value
• 15 based on product-to- package ratio
• 15 based on cube utilization
• 10 based on transportation
• 10 based on recycled content
• 10 based on recovery value
• 5 based on renewable energy
• 5 based on innovation

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SCJ GreenlistTM Packaging Criteria

• Rates raw materials on 8 criteria (focus on
  material, supplier practices and product EOL)
• Packaging Minimization
• Design for Recyclability
• Design for Reusability
• Sound Materials Selection
• Increased Use of Post Consumer Recycled Content
• Use of Renewable Resources
• Selection of Printing Methods and Materials
• Selection of Environmentally Conscious Supply
  Partners

• Each of these criteria has additional metrics
  associated with different packaging materials
  (glass, paper, rigid plastic, metal).
• Final score is made by averaging each criteria
  score (0-317)
• Products are categorized on a better, best
  scale
• Used to phase out materials, and will license to
  others

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Life Cycle Analysis

• Three scopes
• Cradle to gate
• Cradle to grave
• Cradle to cradle
• Three types
• Process LCA (addresses environmental inputs and
  outputs)
• EIO LCA (addresses economic inputs and outputs)
• Hybrid
• LCA moving into an open (Open LCA), more
  integrative (LEED) etc.

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Process LCA vs.
Hybrid LCA
Environmental Input-Output LCA

• Strengths
• bottom-up approach
• Focus on environmental impacts of individual
  components/products
• detail-oriented
• Weaknesses
• Does not include second order, only on-site
  data/processes
• Identification of boundaries of analysis is more
  difficult for large organizations

• Strengths
• top-down approach
• able to use economic tables
• sector-focused
• large picture, grand scheme view
• Weaknesses
• assumes price, output and carbon homogeneity for
  sectors
• sectors can only be split up to examine so far

• Current best practice
• Embeds process systems inside input-output tables
• There is danger of double counting

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Ecological Footprints

• An ecological footprint is a measure of resource
  management/use which refers to the amount of
  global hectares required to sustain the
  life/practices being examined. Global hectares
  are hectares with average global productivity.
• The measure is calculated by comparing the
  biological resources available in a given region
  (accounting for its ability to create food and
  absorb waste using status quo technology and
  practices) to resource demands of an
  activity/population

• Ecological Footprint Standards have been
  developed and adopted by the majority of users.
  Details of these standards are available at
  www.footprintstandards.org, which is managed by
  the Global Footprint Network.
• Standards help to address calculation nuances,
  including conversions, measure of land/sea
  parcels, address nuclear power, varying data
  sources, import/export data and biodiversity etc.
• Origin of the per capita ecological footprint
  (EF) (to highlight differences in lifestyles),
  carbon footprint (emphasizing the climate change
  trigger Co2), water footprint (water-centric
  metric)
• Similar to a metric of a more complete life cycle
  analysis but for the conversion to global
  hectares.
• Use with the Living Planet Index of biodiversity
  from the WWF, or a adaptation of the footprint
  like Lenzen Murrays calculation for Australia
  is suggested in order to compensate for the
  metrics omissions.

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Carbon Footprints

• A carbon footprint calculation measures the total
  amount of carbon dioxide emissions caused by the
  activity/instance being measured. This includes
  direct and indirect emissions.
• Scope varies
• As commonly used today, for example, the term
  carbon footprint often refers to the number of
  tonnes of carbon emitted by a given person or
  business during a year, or to the tonnes of
  carbon emitted in the manufacture and transport
  of a product. In Ecological Footprint accounts,
  the carbon Footprint measures the amount of
  biological capacity, in global hectares, demanded
  by human emissions of fossil carbon dioxide. -
  Global Footprint Standard
• Others may address all GHG, only carbon,
  include/exclude CO, and reflect lifecycle of
  goods and services (Haven, 2007)
• Measures differ
• "weight" vs. "footprint
• Weight already used in calculations, therefore it
  does not require additional conversions to area
  measures
• Emphasizes need for carbon diets

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Water Footprint
The water footprint of a nation is defined as
the total volume of freshwater that is used to
produce the goods and services consumed by the
people of the nation. Since not all goods
consumed in one particular country are produced
in that country, the water footprint consists of
two parts use of domestic water resources and
use of water outside the borders of the country.
- Hoekstra, A.Y. 2007,p 36
The concept was created to serve as an indicator
of water use, as related to consumption. The
calculation takes into account direct and
indirect use and is calculated by volume
evaporated/polluted in a period of time. It is
related to the concept of virtual water, defined
as the volume of water required to produce a
commodity or service.

• Calculations require determining three different
  water footprints
• blue water surface water and ground water
• green water rainwater stored in the soil as
  soil moisture.
• In the 2 above cases, the associated footprint is
  the volume of water that evaporated from the
  water types total.
• The grey water footprint is the volume of
  polluted water that associates with the
  production of all goods and services for the
  individual or community.

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BASF Eco-efficiency Analysis Tool
SEEBalence
SEECube

• A decision-making analytical tool which uses LCA
  standards
• Notes economic , environmental and social metrics
  
• 6 environmental parameters
• Raw materials consumption
• Energy consumption
• Land use
• Air and water emissions and disposal methods
• Potential toxicity
• Potential risks

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European Directive 94/62/EC on Packaging and
Packaging Waste

• Requires that systems to deal with used packaging
  must be created to meet goals by weight. For
  example
• by no later than 31 December 2008, between 55
  and 80 by weight of packaging waste to be
  Recycled
• A target-setting process is repeated every five
  years to keep the goals up to date.
• Focuses attention on
• Total amount of packaging recovered, recycled or
  incinerated
• Packaging volume and weight
• Minimize noxious and other hazardous substances
  and materials
• Legal requirements for limits of cadmium,
  hexavalent chromium (chrome IV), lead and mercury
• Compostability
• Biodegradability
• European Standards Institute (CEN) created 6
  standards to help companies improve the
  environmental status of their packaging.
  Addressed manufacturing, composition reuse,
  recycling, energy recovery, composting, and the
  application of the management systems approach.

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Common Elements

• Only a few organizations worked to create
  principles, methods and metrics meant to support
  a coordinated vision
• Social indicators of sustainability were largely
  ignored
• Ability to provide guidance and educate at the
  same time, in a time effective manner was lacking
• Wide audiences made targeted guidance (whether
  for consumers, or on material use for designers
  etc.) rare
• There was a lack of procedural guidance for
  action and decision making, rather than
  high-level suggestions on examining the entire
  product system.
• Different regulatory traditions influence
  effectiveness
• Information gathered by relevant agents is not
  always freely available
• Striking the balance between promoting change,
  facilitating change, and measuring change had not
  been reached
• Methodologies included a collection of important
  metrics/indicators
• Large investments in time and upkeep are required
• Varying levels of academic rigor
• The methods were created by varied stakeholders
  and often for multiple audiences
• Multiple parts of the lifecycle were addressed,
  if not all

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X Towards Sustainable Packaging

• Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing
  Sustainability
• Sustainable Manufacturing
• Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts Examples
• Principles of Sustainability        
• Methods/Guidelines/Regulations       
• Metrics/Indicators
• Tools/ Software    
•    

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Metrics/Indicators

• We are currently working on populating an excel
  spreadsheet with a collection of indicators and
  metrics used by packaging manufactures in their
  methods, or considered important by relevant
  stakeholders.
• Importance
• Data to information
• Inferences from quantitative analysis
• In this report an indicator is a qualitative
  value which can be assigned different metrics and
  a metric can be calculated in different ways
• sustainablemeasures.com notes 4 ways to organize
  indicators
• Category or issue lists easy to comprehend
• Goal/indicator matrix emphasis
  comprehensiveness
• Driving force-state-response tables emphasis on
  impact
• Endowments, liabilities, current results, and
  processes table categories- emphasis on longer
  term
• Issues with measures much depends on use
• How variables are weighted or optimized,
• Picking the right number to use can be difficult
• Openness and transparency increases credibility

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Sustainable Metrics Project

• Recently launched
• Developing a core set of performance indicators
  to measure the sustainability of packaging and
  packaging systems.
• Will publish after feedback from SPC members

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Collections of Metrics

• Currently we are working to compare collections
  of metrics on an excel spreadsheet. Some of our
  sources include
• International
• UN
• UN Indicators of Sustainable Development
• National
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPAs)
  Science Advisory Board
• NGO
• Cradle to Cradle Certification Matrix
• Global Reporting Initiative
• Living Planet Report
• Global Footprint
• Redefining Progress
• Industry
• Metrics from the Wal-mart Scorecard
• SCJ GreenlistTM Packaging Criteria for Specific
  Materials
• MERGE Metrics

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X Towards Sustainable Packaging

• Origins of Sustainable Manufacturing
  Sustainability
• Sustainable Manufacturing
• Sustainable Manufacturing Concepts Examples
• Principles of Sustainability        
• Methods/Guidelines/Regulations       
• Metrics/Indicators
• Tools/ Software    
•    

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Tools/ Software

• There are many tools and software available. We
  are working on collecting a list and
  characterizing those that exist. For example
• Tools
• Asbey
• The Environmental Impact Estimator - by the
  ATHENA Sustainable Materials Institute.
• BEES 3.0 - by National Institute for Standards
  and Technology (NIST) Building and Fire Research
  Laboratory.
• CMLCA - by Centre of Environmental Science (CML)
  - Leiden University..
• Sustainable Packaging Coalition- COMPASS Coming
  Soon
• Eco-Indicator 99 - by PRé Consultants.
• ECO-it 1.3 - by PRé Consultants.
• EcoScan 3.0 - by TNO Industrial Technology.
• Economic Input-Output Life Cycle Assessment - by
  Green Design Initiative of Carnegie Mellon.
• EDIP PC-tool (http//www.mst.dk/activi/08030000.ht
  m) - by Danish EPA.
• The Environmental Impact Estimator - by the
  ATHENA Sustainable Materials Institute.
• EPS 2000 Design System - by Assess Ecostrategy
  Scandinavia AB.
• GaBi 4 Software System and Databases - by PE
  Europe GmbH and IKP University of Stuttgart.
• GEMIS (Global Emission Model for Integrated
  Systems) - by Öko-Institut.
• GREET Model- The U.S. Department of Energy's
  Office of Transportation
• IVAM LCA Data 4.0 - by IVAM.
• KCL-ECO 4.0 - by KCL.

38
XI Closing

• Summary Themes
• Packaging Needs and Challenges
• Next Steps
• Conclusion
•    

39
Summary Themes

• The influence of qualitative principles can be
  directly and indirectly seen through design
  guidelines, analytical methodologies, and
  regulations.
• Methods can address economic, environmental or
  equity concerns, with unique scopes and emphasis
• Approaches, users, and lifecycle stages covered
  are varied
• Tools are numerous and for as many purposes and
  audiences as there are methods
• There is no one solution
• Identification of goals, scope, audience is
  crucial to developing benchmarks and quantitative
  indicators
• Necessities are not often distinguished from best
  practices

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Final Thought Complex Tradeoffs

• Would a carbon label on every product help us?
  he asked. I wonder. You can feel very good about
  the organic potatoes you buy from a farm near
  your home, but half the emissionsand half the
  footprintfrom those potatoes could come from the
  energy you use to cook them. If you leave the lid
  off, boil them at a high heat, and then mash your
  potatoes, from a carbon standpoint you might as
  well drive to McDonalds and spend your money
  buying an order of French fries.

• -Murlis, quoted in an article by M. Specter ,
  Big Foot. The New Yorker. February 25, 2008

41
Next Steps

• Join SPC, speak to them about overlapping work
• Flesh out basic information with multitude of
  sources (already obtained)
• Biopolymers, metrics associated with methods etc.
• Details of LCA, footprint calculations etc.
• Integrate critiques of methods explored
• Visually illustrate connections from principles
  to methods and methods to metrics
• Continue to analyze information we have collected
  with regard to trends and needs.
• Continue to collect information on methods and
  associated metrics.
• Build up excel spreadsheets to better visualize
  and compare importance of varied indicators.
• Tease necessities from best practices

42
Conclusion

• The packaging industry is not sustainable
• Motivating factors for packaging manufacturing
  changes include
• Regulatory Mandates (stick)
• Economic Advantage (carrot)
• Change is hindered by a vague regulatory
  environment, lack of informed customers and
  missing infrastructure
• Qualitative guidelines exists, but concrete
  quantitative guiding measures, optimized for
  sustainable packaging, are needed
• Further detailed analysis is needed to correlate
  qualitative concepts with quantitative metrics
  and parse best practices from necessities

43
XII More Resources

• About SPS
• Academic Departments
• Academic Journals
• Conferences
• Industry Actors, Publications Forums
• National Government Organizations
• NGOs
• In progress Bibliography at http//packagingprojec
  t.wordpress.com/
• wp-admin/edit-pages.php
•    

44
About SPS

• The Sustainable Products and Solutions (SPS)
  program is centered at the Center for Responsible
  Business at UC Berkeley's Haas School of
  Business, in partnership with UC Berkeley's
  College of Chemistry. Initial financing for SPS
  was provided with a five year 10 million
  contribution from the Dow Chemical Co.
  Foundation. This project hopes to achieve the
  aims of the SPS program in the area of packaging
  including
• Reducing and measuring the carbon footprint of
  packaging,
• Production of bio-based materials and feedstocks
  for plastics,
• Sustainable market-based solutions for packaging,
• Measuring the lifecycle environmental footprints
  across a supply chain,
• Decreased emissions (air, water land) and
  non-useful by-products,
• Public Policy implications of sustainable
  solutions for packaging
• More details can be found at
• http//www.haas.berkeley.edu/responsiblebusiness/S
  PSProgram.htm

45

• Principals D. Dornfeld (ME), PI, M. Taylor
  (GSPP) Berkeley, J. Greene (ME) CSU-Chico
  (Contact Person D. Dornfeld, dornfeld_at_berkeley.ed
  u)
• Industrial Partner Roplast Industries, Oroville
  CA
• Collaborator California Film Extruders and
  Converters Association (CFECA)

46
Academic Departments

• California Polytechnic State University
• Clemson University www.clemson.edu/pkgsci
• Fashion Institute of Technology www.fitnyc.edu
• Indiana State University www.indstate.edu/imt/bs_
  pt.htm
• Michigan State University School of Packaging
  www.packaging.msu.edu
• Rochester Institute of Technology
  www.rit.edu/7E719www/PROGRAMS/BS?ps.htm
• San Jose State University www.engr.sjsu.edu
• School for Military Packaging Technology
  www.smpt.apg.army.mil
• University of California - Berkeley
• University of Florida www.ifas.ufl.edu
• University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
  www.fshn.uluc.edu
• University of Missouri-Rolla www.umr.edu
• University of Wisconsin-Stout www.uwstout.edu/prog
  rams/bsp
• Virginia Tech www.fst.vt.edu
• Western Michigan University www.wmich.edu/pci/prog
  rams/papr_description.htm

47
Academic Journals

• Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering
• Journal of Packaging Technology and Science
• Journal of Sustainable Product Design
• The International Journal of Life Cycle
  Assessment http//www.scientificjournals.com/sj/lc
  a
• European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment
  http//lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
• Ecoinvent Swiss Center For life cycle
  inventories http//www.ecoinvent.ch/
• Journal of Cleaner Production?
• International Journal of Environmental Technology
  and Management
• Australasian Bioplastics Association (ABA
• www.carbonlabelca.org
• http//www.wrap.org.uk/retail/case_studies_researc
  h/index.html
• Journal of sustainable product design
• Environmental Impact Assessment Review
• Management of Environmental Quality
• The International Journal of Life Cycle
  Assessment
• Journal of Cleaner Production
• Journal of Industrial Ecology

48
Conferences/Workshops

• Natureworks LLC http//www.innovationtakesroot.com
  /
• Nutec Nutrients - Upcycling - Triple Topline -
  Effectiveness - Community http//www.nutec.de/
• European Bioplastics Conference
  www.european-bioplastics.org
• Sustainable Packaging Essentials
  http//www.sustainablepackaging.org/essentials/
• Sustainable Packaging Forum www.packstrat.com
• (Past) Developing Sustainable Approaches to
  Design-Make-Serve Cambridge, UK

49
Industry Publications Forums

• ADHESIVE/SEALENTS
• Adhesive Sealent Council
• Pressure Sensitive Tape Council www.pstc.org
• BIODEGRADABLE
• Biodegradable Products Institute
• CLOTH
• Textile Bag manufactures association
• GLASS
• Glass Packaging Institute www.gpi.org
• Glass Products Institute
• Glass Technology Services (GTS) www.glass-ts.com
• British Plastics Federation (BPF) www.bpf.co.uk
• LABELS
• Packaging and Label Gravure Association
  www.plga.com
• Printing Industries of America, INC www.gain.net

50
National Government Organizations

• U.S. Business Council for Sustainable Development
• CA Integrated Waste Management Board Robert
  Carlson
• EPA Office of Solid Waste
• Department of Environment, Food Rural Affairs
  (DEFRA) www.defra.gov.uk

51
NGOs

• Container Recycling Institute
• Environmental Defense
• Green Blue
• Green Peace
• IERE
• Keep America Beautiful
• National Recycling Coalition
• Rocky Mountain Institute
• The Design Council www.design-council.org.uk
• Envirowise www.envirowise.org.uk
• Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) www.fsc.org
• Forum for the Future www.forumforthefuture.org.uk
  
• London remade / Closed Loop London
  www.londonremade.com

52
EOL for this presentation
53
Mathematically Modeling Multi-Objective
Optimization

• Once the pertinent input and output factors of
  sustainable packaging production have been
  identified, decisions must be made in the
  presence of possibly conflicting objectives. For
  instance, smaller, more easily palletizable
  products may be achieved with increased
  manufacturing (and hence higher energy use). In
  addition, producers will continue to have other
  performance objectives which they seek to
  maximize when incorporating sustainable
  objectives.
• The solution to such problems often results in
  multiple possibilities (i.e. a set, known as
  Pareto points) of optimal choices. This is
  because improvements in one objective occurs at a
  trade off with the worsening of another
  objective.
• Solving the multiobjective problem is almost
  always done by combining the multiple objectives
  into one scalar objective function. A well-known
  combination is the weighted linear sum of the
  objectives. One specifies scalar weights for each
  objective to be optimized, and then combines them
  into a single function that can be solved by any
  single-objective optimizer (such as SQP, pattern
  search etc.)
• Should inputs like electricity, fossil fuels,
  water and post consumer materials, and outputs
  like scrap, solid waste, litter, carbon dioxide,
  methane, heavy metals, and volatile organic
  compounds be tracked

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Non-Sustainability factors of packaging of
importance to manufacturers consumers

• Price
• Barrier protection
• Toughness
• Tensile strength
• Thickness
• Seal-ability
• Permeability (oxygen can cause changes in product
  color, odor and taste and nutrient loss, product
  rancidity and microbial spoilage)
• Surface friction
• Shrink-ability
• Aesthetics color, transparency, clarity