Dr. H. A. J. Gunathilake

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Sustainable Supply of Fuelwood to Meet Sri
Lankas Energy Needs

• Dr. H. A. J. Gunathilake
• Chairman
• Coconut Cultivation Board of Sri Lanka

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• Introduction
• About the project
• Application in coconut plantations
• New project proposal on fuel for transport

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Locations of Marginal Lands
Marginal Lands
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Relevance of Biomass for Renewable Energy in Sri
Lanka

1. Ease of replacement of fossil fuels
2. Comparison of calorific values
3. Large potential
4. Plantations are part of our tradition and culture
   
5. Synergetic impact with many other activities
6. Supplementary income to less effluent farmers
7. Organic fertilizer production
8. Enhancement of dairy production
9. Preventions of land degradation
10. Fuel- based renewable energy system

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Energy Supply by Source - 2002

• Hydro - 8
• Petroleum - 39
• Biomass (Wood) - 50
• Biomass energy contraption by sectors
• Household and others - 76
• Industry - 24

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Challenge in Green Energy Production has been met
with Combination of
Agro Forestry
Technology
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Monoculture Plantation

• Increment of economic benefits
• Ecological benefits decreases
• Sustainability decreases

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Marginal Land

• Ecological benefits increase
• No economical benefits

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Renewable Forest

• Increment of economic benefits
• Increment of ecological benefits
• Change the environment
• Improvement of sustainability

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Agro Forestry

• Increment of economic benefits
• Ecological benefits decreases
• Improvement of sustainability

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Outline of the Projects

• Commenced in January, 1998
• Management - Ministry of Economic Reform,
• - Ministry of Science of Technology.
• Organizations
• Department of Forestry
• Coconut Research Institute
• Land use Policy Planning Division

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Overall Objectives

• To provide a sustainable supply of fuelwood to
  support Sri Lankas development in an
  environmentally sound manner
• a) To demonstrate the technical feasibility of
  short rotation fuelwood plantations on degraded
  soils
• b) To enhance institutional capacity in Sri
  Lanka in knowledge of fuelwood as a source of
  energy

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Outline of the site details

• No. of sites - 12
• Extents of each site - 3.0 ha
• Spacing - 1m x 1m
• 1m x 2m
• Tested trees
• ? Gliricidia ? Calliandra
• ? Acacia ? Eucalyptus
• ? Cassia ? Leucaena
• Experimental Design - Split Plot
• 3 spp x 2 Spacing x 2 harvesting intervals

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1 MWe Biomass-Fired Boiler-Steam Turbine System
feeding the National Grid
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Table of established biomass trials in Sri Lanka
Site nos, Location (Site ownership) Agro Regan Principal Species ( Spacing) Establishment date
1- Anumaduwa, Puttalam (Forestry Department) Dry Zone , Low Country Acacia (1x1 1x2) Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) End 98
2- Lunugamwehera, Hambantota(Forestry Department) Dry Zone , Low Country Acacia (1x1 1x2) End 98
4- Korakahawewa , Anuradhapura I (Forestry Department) Dry Zone , Low Country Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) Acacia (1x1 1x2) End 98
5-IIIuppankadawala, Anuradhapura II (Forestry Department) Dry Zone , Low Country Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) End 98
6- Kanichiagalla, Polonnauwa (Forestry Department) Dry Zone , Low Country Acacia (1x1 1x2) Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) End 98
7- Thalakolawewa Kurunegala (Forestry Department) Intermed Zone, Low Conutry Acacia (1x1 1x2) Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) Eucalyptus (1x1 1x2) End 98
8- Mahiyangana, Budulla (Forestry Department) Intermed Zone, Low Conutry Acacia (1x1 1x2) Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) Eucalyptus (1x1 1x2) End 98
9- Kundasala,Kandy (University of Peradineya) Intermed Zone, Mid Country Calliandra (1x1 1x2) Acacia (1x1 1x2) Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) End 98
11- Angunakolapelessa (Regional Agric, Research Centre) Dry Zone , Low Country Cassia (1x1 1x2) Ipil Ipil (1x1 1x2) Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) End 99
12- Maha IIIluppallama (Regional Agric. Research Centre) Dry Zone , Low Country Cassia (1x1 1x2) Ipil Ipil (1x1 1x2) Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) End 99
Eastern University, Batticaloa Dry Zone , Low Country Gliricidia (1x1 1x2) End 2000
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Overall Activities

• Site monitoring and data Collection
• Economic small holders forestry
• Small industry development for dendro power and,
• Continuation of land use planting aspects

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Harvesting Procedure

• H1 Annual ( 1.0 m height)
• H2 Continuous ( 1.5 m height)
• (monthly)

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Result

• Gliricidia appeared as the best
• Calliandra was the best in one site
• 1.0 m x 1.0 m spacing gave the highest yield
• Harvesting at 1.0 m height was the best
• First harvest from 15 months after planting
• Wood yield varied in different sites
• Average wood yield was 20.0 m.t./ ha at 20
  moisture level

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Productivity of Gliricidia (Tree/Year)
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6
Leaf (kg) 2.0 2.5 3.6 6.0 8.0 6.0
Wood (kg) 1.4 4.0 5.0 8.0 7.0 8.0
Value (Rs) 3.60 9.00 11.40 18.30 17.00 18.30
Rs/ha 9,500 23,760 30,000 48,000 44,800 48,700
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The Sustainable Supply of Fulwood to Meet Sri
Lankas Energy Needs Projects successes

• We have identified Gliricidia sepium (GS) as
  the most promising species for SRC energy
  plantation in marginal degraded lands in all
  districts in Sri Lanka.
• Average yield of 20.0 tonnes (20 moisture) of
  fuelwood per hectare per year and 16 tonnes of (
  fresh weight) of foliage per hectare per year has
  been confirmed.
• An optimal spacing of 1 metre x 1 metre has been
  recognised.
• Public and private sector institutions have been
  demonstrated the technical economic viability of
  establishing and operating GS SRC Plantation.

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The Following energy conversion facilities are
functional based on sustainabily produced
fuelwood from Gliricidia sepium SRC plantation

• A 1 MWe Biomass power plant feeding power to
  National Grid
• A 35 kWe Biomass Power Plant supplying power to
  off-grid village community of 100 households
• Two 3.5 kWe Biomass Power Plant Supplying power
  to off-grid village community of one to 100
  households and the other to a coconut estate
• A 2 MWth Biomass fired furnace supplying heat in
  an industry
• A 0.6 MWth Biomass fired boiler supplying steam
  in an sndstry
• Two 2 MWth Biomass fired boilers supplying steam
  in an industry

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2 MWth Biomass Gasifier for Industrial Thermal
Application
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3.5 kWe Biomass Gasifier-Engine System in Coconut
Estate
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Present Situation

• 20 Prospective investors are ready to establish
  power plants with a total capacity of 50 MW
• Government has appointed an Inter-Ministerial
  Committee to address all issues of Biomass Energy
  Development. It is considering giving the same
  tariff applicable for oil based electricity. (US
  cts 8.5 per kWh)
• Next batch of power plant are expected to
  generate electricity at US Cts. 6/kWh (same as
  coal)
• Industrial Thermal Application (National
  Potential US 100 million)

Fossil Fuels 6 to 12 US/GJ Bio Fuels 2 US
GJ
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TRANSPORT RELATED SERVICES
Rs.
Rs.
EMPLOYMENT
Biomass Economy
Electricity
Rs.
Heat
Fuelwood
MARKETS
Rs.
FODDER
ENERGY PLANTATION
ASH
LIVESTOCK
MACHINERY INDUSTRY
Milk
Urea Replacement
DUNG
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
ORGANIC FERTILIZER
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1 MW DENDRO POWER PLANT

• 400 ha Equivalent of SRC Energy Plantations (3.2
  million trees)
• 400 Farmer families on part-time employment
• 12,000 tonnes/year of wood used in the power
  plant Rs18 million/yr
• 7 GWh/year electricity to the Grid
• 5,600 t/year CO2 CER for CDM Carbon Credits (_at_
  4US_at_/t 22,400/y)
• 10,400 t/year of foliage generated
• 2,400 cows fed with above foliage
• 2.7 million liters/y of milk produced
• Rs. 48.6 million/year
• 12,800 tonnes of dung produced annually
• 7.8 million cu.m.of biogas/y (0.4 million. l
  LPG/diesel) Rs. 20 million/y.
• 12,800 tonnes of effluent /y (420 tonnes of
  urea) Rs. 11.7 million/y
• Total income Rs. 96.3 million/ y (Rs.240,000/
  Family/Year) (on Part-time Employment)

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Advantages of Gliricidia

• High growth rate
• Could be grown under difference
  agro-climatic/soil conditions specially poor
  and gravel soils.
• Easy planting
• Tolerate coconut shade
• Tolerate lopping (4 month interval pruning)
• Low pests diseases incidences
• Multiple uses (a shade tree, for fencing, an
  animal feed, a fuel wood tree)

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Soil Moisture levels() (After 6 years of
establishment)
After 45 days dry spell
Depth (cm) Coconut only Coconut Gliricidia
15 2.2 4.1
30 3.4 4.6
60 3.6 5.2
Moisture availability is high with Gliricidia
over coconut alone Rain Water harvesting
Increase effectiveness of rains
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Soil Temperature

• CO
• Coconut alone - 41.4
• Coconut Gliricidia - 31.5
• Note Reduced temperature under
• Gliricidia trees conserve soil water

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Sunlight Penetration to the Ground (11.00 a.m)
Situation of light Usage of light
Open field 100 nil
Coconut alone 94 6
Coconut Gliricidia (immature) 25 75
Coconut Gliricidia (mature) 6 94
Note Gliricidia is highly efficient to use
sunlight Affect - Weed growth - Reduce soil
temperature - Increase soil moisture
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Impact of Gliricidia on Soil Fertility
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Biological N Fixation

• N 46 g /tree/year
• 55 of N Derived from Atmosphere
• 1997 - BNF 150 kg of N /ha/yr
• 1993 - biomass yield of Gliricidia 22 kg
  /tree/year

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Leaf Nutrient levels of coconut 14th leaf
N P K Mg Ca
Coconut alone 1.68 0.11 0.91 0.35 0.39
Coconut Gliricidia 2.18 0.12 0.84 0.33 0.54
Sufficiency range/level 1.9 2.1 0.11- 0.13 1.2-1.5 0.25- 0.35 0.35- 0.50
Note- Nitrogen of coconut has been
elevated over sufficiency range - P,
Mg were not affected - K nutrient has been
lowered
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Use of Gliricidia as a Nitrogen fertilizer for
coconut
APM kg/palm/year Gliricidia 35 kg/palm/yr
Urea 0.8 -
Rock phosphate 0.6 0.35
Muriate of potash 1.6 1.0
Dolomite 1.0 0.5
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Does Cultivation of Gliricidia negatively effect
on coconut yield?Experiment Rathmalagara
Estate, Madampe
Treatments Nuts/palms/year Nuts/palms/year
Treatments 1990-1998 1999
Control (APM fertilizer only) 76 78
Pueraria cover (PK only) 77 81
Gliricidia (PK only) 65 77
Gliricidia Pueraria (PK only) 75 82
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Possible Nutrients changes in Soil
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Saving on Chemical Fertilizers by using
Gliricidia (Rs.)
APM Gliricidia 50 kg/palm/yr
Urea 12.80 -
ERP 2.94 1.72
MOP 39.50 24.70
Dolomite 2.60 1.30
Total/palm/year 58.00 28.00
Saving - Rs. 30/palm/year - Rs.
1,920/ac/year
Gliricidia - generates Nitrogen - mine
Phosphorus, Potasium, Magnisium
from soil. - recycle nutrients
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Cash Flow of Gliricidia in Coconut Plantation
(Rs/ha)
Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5
a) materials 10500 - - - -
b) Labour 10200 19000 26500 29000 34000
c) Income 2064 34296 50598 57720 69388
d) Profits (-18,636) 15296 24098 28270 35388
Based on Urea -Rs/Kg 16.00 Wood - Rs/Kg 2.50
(20 moisture)
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Employment Generation
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• Gliricidia is a versatile tree
• Gliricidia increase soil fertility and soil
  health
• Is a environment friendly tree
• High capacity to generate bio-energy
• Plays a vital role in different farming systems
  in Sri Lanka
• Coconut
• Tea
• Paddy
• Animal production

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Land availability for fuel wood planting (ha)

• Sparsely used crop lands - 1,288,530
• Scrub lands - 499,470
• Gracss lands - 91,180
• Total - 1,879,180

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Compressed Bio Methane Project
Item Foreign Cost US Local Cost Rs. Million
Cost of gas purification equipment 40,000
Cost of compression equipment 20,000
Cost of methane operated vehicles ( 2 Nos.) 80,000
Costs of installation, commissioning and operation of gas cleaning and compression facility 3.0
Operation of vehicles 3.0
Propagation of technology 1.0
Total 140,000 7.0
Funding ??? EU Govt. of SL
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Biogas, cleaned and compressed is used as
transport fuel
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Thank You