14. Immunodiagnosis, Immunotherapy

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14. Immunodiagnosis, Immunotherapy Vaccination
? ? ?,MD
College of Veterinary Medicine
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14.1 Immunodiagnosis

• ELISA for animal disease diagnosis
• Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)
• detection of antigen
• detection of antibody
• Immunological colloidal gold signature
• (Immunochromatography),
• (Colloidal gold immunoassay,GIA)
• Immunofluorescence diagnosis

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Immunochromatography
Detection of CSFV antibody in swine serum, plasma
or whole blood
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Detection of microbal antigens by
immunofluorescence staining
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Rabies virus in salivary gland
herpes simplex virus
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14.2 Immunotherapy
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Cytokine therapy

• IFN-a/IFN-ßare used for virus infection.
• IFN-?is better than IFN-a/IFN-ß.
• GM-CSF and IL-2 for the treatment of bovine
  mastitis.
• Anti-TNF-atherapy

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Immunomodulating agents

• Biological response modifiers
• Immunosuppressors
• Traditional Chinese veterinary medicine
• Antibody therapy

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14.3 Vaccination

• Active Immunization
• vaccines
• Passive Immunization
• Antibody

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Passive Immunization
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• Vaccines
• ? The generation of a controlled adaptive
  immune response that will protect an individual
  from pathogenic infection/
• disease.
• ? Induction of immunological memory.

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Types of vaccine approaches to common pathogens

• Attenuated organism live, but non-pathogenic
• Give good CD8 T cell responses because they
  lead to intracellular protein synthesis. Some
  risk of reversion or pathogenesis in
  immunodeficient animals.
• Killed whole organism heat, chemical fixation.
• Does not elicit as good CD8 response.
  Inactivated whole bacteria can cause unwanted
  inflammation.
• Subunit vaccine specific protein of
  microorganism
• Safe, can be effective. Problems of poor CD8
  responses and low natural adjuvancy.

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• Conjugate vaccine Specific portion of
  microorganism (Often carbohydrate) linked to
  carrier protein.
• This is the basis of recent vaccines for
  infants for Haemophilus influenzae (bacterial
  menigitis) and pneumococci.
• DNA vaccines introduce plasmid DNA directly into
  host cells.
• Relatively cheap, specific, and targets CD8
  cells. Technical problem of getting DNA into
  host cells (Gene gun). Some safety concerns.

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• Recombinant vectored vaccines putting new genes
  in attenuated organism (such as vaccinia)
• Still experimental, but works well in animals.
  Safety concerns.
• Modern adjuvants (TLR agonists), cytokines
• CpG DNA (TLR9 agonist). Cytokines that boost
  growth or numbers of dendritic cells (GM-CSF), T
  cell responses (IL-2). Target best APCs.

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14.3.1 Live, Attenuated Vaccines
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14.3.2 Inactivated or Killed Vaccines

• Pathogens are inactivated by heat or chemical
  means.
• Killed vaccines often require repeated boosters
  to maintain the immune status of host.
• Killed vaccines induce a predominantly humoral
  immune response they are less effective than
  attenuated vaccines in inducing cell-mediated
  immunity and in eliciting IgA response.

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14.3.3 Subunit Vaccines

• Inactivated exotoxins(Toxoids)
• Capsular polysaccharides
• Recombinant protein antigens

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14.3.4 Conjugate vaccines
Conjugate vaccines provide a peptide that
stimulates CD4 T cells to antigens that lack good
determinants, such as bacterial capsular
polysaccharides.
Stimulates a good IgG antibody response to the
carbohydrate
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Immune stimulatory complexes(ISCOMs) delivery
system
Lipid Peptides
ISCOMs are lipid carriers that act as adjuvants
but have minimal toxicity. They seem to load
peptides and proteins into the cell cytoplasm,
allowing MHC class I-restricted T-cell response
to peptides to develop.
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Epitopes on VP1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease
virus (FMDV)
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14.3.5 DNA vaccine

• The DNA vaccine is a plasmid that contains one or
  more genes of the pathogen that is being
  immunized against behind a strong eukaryotic
  promoter. Transcription and translation occur
  from the vaccine plasmids that find their way
  into the nucleus of the muscle cells, to make the
  pathogen-derived protein.

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Gene gun
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14.3.6 Recombinant Vector Vaccines
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Mammalian cells
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Swine flu goes global

• The genetics of the virus are so novel that
  humans are unlikely to have much immunity to it,
  scientists say. The current seasonal flu vaccine,
  which targets a different H1N1 strain, also isn't
  likely to offer any protection. Discussions are
  under way as to whether a new vaccine for the
  swine flu strain should be produced. The WHO has
  recommended that vaccine makers continue to
  manufacture the seasonal flu strain but begin
  thinking about how to manufacture large doses of
  a vaccine that incorporates a weakened version of
  the current swine flu strain. For now, the virus
  is treatable with the influenza drugs oseltamivir
  (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza).

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Thank You