LCS121: Psycholinguistics Class 24

1
LCS121 Psycholinguistics Class 24 3/24/05
Pomona College, Spring'05

• http//www.linguistics.pomona.edu/LGCS121Spring200
  5/index.html
• Asst. Prof. Martin Hackl
• Mason Hall 110B
• 18927
• Martin.Hackl_at_pomona.edu

2
Processing Studies of Scalar Implicatures
StortoTanenhaus(2004) Are Scalar Implicatures
Computed Online? Scalar implicatures with
OR. (1) a. John is sick or out partying.
b. John is sick. c.? John is not out
partying. 2) a. Anybody who is an American
citizen or has already checked their bags can
go to the front of the line. b. Mary is
American who has checked her bags. c.? Mary
can go the front of the line.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
3
Scalar Implicatures with OR
Truth-table for inclusive or Truth-table for
exclusive or p q p v q p q (p v q) (p
q) 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 A Gricean
Analysis - And and or are scalar alternatives
with gt v because p q asymmetrically
entails p v q. - Maxim of Quantity - The
fact that the speaker uses a weaker expression in
place of a stronger one implicates that the
speaker was not in the position to assert
the stronger statement.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
4
Scalar Implicatures with OR
Where and when do scalar implicatures of this
sort arise? (1) a. Every guest who had fish or
chicken got sick. b./ Every guest who had
fish or chicken but not both fish and chicken
got sick. (2) a. If John had fish or chicken
he will get sick. b./ If John had fish or
chicken but not both he will get sick. (3) a. It
is not the case that John was talking to Mary or
Sue. b./ It is not the case that John was
talking to Mary or Sue not to both. (4) a. If
John was talking to Mary or Sue his wife will be
angry. b./ If John was talking Mary or
Sue but not to both Mary and Sue his wife will
be angry.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
5
Scalar Implicatures with OR
Intrusive Implicatures Levinson (2000) (1)
a. AIDS vaccination will cause significant
mortality. but losing some of the people is
better than losing at least some and perhaps
all of it. (2) a. Any mother with three
children is happier than any mother with four.
b. Any mother with at least three
children is happier than any mother with at
least four. c. (?) Any mother with a boy
or a girl is happier than any mother with a boy
and a girl. (MH) (3) a. A nuclear family
with three children is smaller than a nuclear
family with four. b. A student who cheats
on some exams is better than one who cheats on
all. c. A family with a grandmother or a
grandfather is smaller than a family with a
grandmother and a grandfather. (MH)
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
6
Scalar Implicatures with OR
(4) If you ate some of the cookies and no one
else ate any, then there must still be some
left. (5) If you ate the cookies or the
cake and no one else ate any of the cookies or
the cake, then there must still be either the
cookies or the cake left. (6) a. A nuclear
family with three children is smaller than a
nuclear family with four. b. A student
who cheats on some exams is better than one who
cheats on all.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
7
Eye-Tracking in the Language Processing
Reading generally self-paced reading is believed
to be as sensitive to real time processing
effects of grammatical phenomena as
eye-tracking. Caveat slow-down in self paced
reading does not indicate back-tracking
(regression of eye-movements) Visual Search
Paradigms - To what extent does
linguistic form determine how you look for
information in the world? - To what
extent does information about the world effect
your (real time) processing - What
is the time course of integrating linguistic and
non- linguistic information.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
8
BezuidenhoutMorris(2004) Cancellation of Scalar
Implicatures
Cancellation of Implicatures Evidence from
Eye-movements in Reading (1) a Some books had
color pictures. In fact all of them did, which
is why the teachers liked them. a Some
books had color pictures. In fact all of them
did, which is why the teachers liked them.
b Many books had color pictures. In fact all of
them did, which is why the teachers liked
them. c. The books had color pictures. In
fact all of them did, which is why the teachers
liked them. Filler items (2) Some books had
color pictures. In fact all of the pictures were
highly colored, which is why the children liked
them
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
9
BezuidenhoutMorris(2004) Cancellation of Scalar
Implicatures
No significant difference in how much
back-tracking to some/many/the or at the end of
the sentence.

LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
10
Tanenhaus et al. (1995)

• Modularity in sentence processing
• First pass parsing was/is believed to be
  informationally encapsulated similar (hence
  modular).
• a The horse raced past the barn fell.
• b. John and Mary like to race their horses.
  The horse raced past the barn fell.
• (2) () Put the apple on the towel in the box.

LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
11
Head-mounted eye-tracking

• From Sedivy(1999)

LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
12
Tanenhaus et al. (1995)
Put the apple on the towel in the box.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
13
More vs. Fewer

• Ann Bill

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More vs. Fewer
15
More vs. Fewer

• Ann Bill

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Ann has more diamonds than Bill.

• Ann Bill

2
1
17
Bill has fewer diamonds than Ann.

• Ann Bill

1
2
3
18
In the next picture you will see a cow, a camel
and a pig who has some apples and a pumpkin to
give away.

19
In the next picture you will see a cow, a camel
and a pig who has some apples and a pumpkin to
give away.
20
The pig gave more apples to the camel than to the
cow.

21
The pig gave more apples to the camel than to the
cow.
22
The witch gave more oranges to the boy than to
the girl.
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The pig gave more apples to the camel than to the
cow.
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Fewer Apples
25
The pig gave fewer apples to the cow than to the
camel.
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Its almost as if a fewer than b triggers

• Ann Bill
• Does A have more than B? No!
• Does B have more than A? Yes.

27
Expected Pattern

• MoreT
• MoreF
• FewerT
• FewerF

A
B

28
Expected Pattern

• MoreT AgtB
• MoreF
• FewerT
• FewerF

A
B



29
Expected Pattern

• MoreT AgtB AgtB
• MoreF
• FewerT
• FewerF

A
B



30
Expected Pattern

• MoreT AgtB AgtB
• MoreF ?(AgtB)
• FewerT
• FewerF

A
B


31
Expected Pattern

• MoreT AgtB AgtB
• MoreF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FewerT
• FewerF

A
B


32
Expected Pattern

• MoreT AgtB AgtB
• MoreF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FewerT ?(AgtB)
• BgtA
• FewerF

A
B

33
Expected Pattern

• MoreT AgtB AgtB
• MoreF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FewerT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FewerF

A
B

34
Expected Pattern

• MoreT AgtB AgtB
• MoreF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FewerT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FewerF AgtB ?
• ?(BgtA)

A
B
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Expected Pattern

• MoreT AgtB AgtB
• MoreF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FewerT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FewerF AgtB ? BgtA
• ?(BgtA)

A
B
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False Start Pattern

• MoreT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MoreF
• FewerT
• FewerF

A
B



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False Start Pattern

• MoreT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MoreF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(BgtA)
• FewerT
• FewerF

A
B


38
False Start Pattern

• MoreT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MoreF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(BgtA)
• FewerT BgtA BgtA
• FewerF

A
B



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False Start Pattern

• MoreT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MoreF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(BgtA)
• FewerT BgtA BgtA
• FewerF ?(BgtA) BgtA

A
B



40
Expected Pattern

• MT AgtB AgtB
• MF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FF AgtB ? BgtA
• ?(BgtA)

• MT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(AgtB)
• FT BgtA BgtA
• FF ?(BgtA) BgtA

B
A
B
A
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Expected Pattern

• MT AgtB AgtB
• MF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FF AgtB ? BgtA
• ?(BgtA)

• MT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(AgtB)
• FT BgtA BgtA
• FF ?(BgtA) BgtA

B
A
B
A
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The witch gave fewer oranges to the girl than to
the boy. False Start.
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Expected Pattern

• MT AgtB AgtB
• MF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FF AgtB ? BgtA
• ?(BgtA)

• MT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(AgtB)
• FT BgtA BgtA
• FF ?(BgtA) BgtA

B
A
B
A
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Expected Pattern

• MT AgtB AgtB
• MF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FF AgtB ? BgtA
• ?(BgtA)

• MT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(AgtB)
• FT BgtA BgtA
• FF ?(BgtA) BgtA

B
A
B
A
45
The owl gave fewer coins to the weasel than to
the turtle.
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Expected Pattern

• MT AgtB AgtB
• MF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FF AgtB ? BgtA
• ?(BgtA)

• MT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(AgtB)
• FT BgtA BgtA
• FF ?(BgtA) BgtA

B
A
B
A
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The owl gave more coins to the weasel than to the
turtle.
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Expected Pattern

• MT AgtB AgtB
• MF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FF AgtB ? BgtA
• ?(BgtA)

• MT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(AgtB)
• FT BgtA BgtA
• FF ?(BgtA) BgtA

B
A
B
A
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Expected Pattern

• MT AgtB AgtB
• MF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FF AgtB ? BgtA
• ?(BgtA)

• MT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(AgtB)
• FT BgtA BgtA
• FF ?(BgtA) BgtA

B
A
B
A
50
The pig gave more apples to the camel than to the
cow.
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Expected Pattern

• MT AgtB AgtB
• MF ?(AgtB) AgtB
• FT ?(AgtB) BgtA
• BgtA
• FF AgtB ? BgtA
• ?(BgtA)

• MT ?(BgtA) AgtB
• AgtB
• MF BgtA ? AgtB
• ?(AgtB)
• FT BgtA BgtA
• FF ?(BgtA) BgtA

B
A
B
A
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StortoTanenhaus (2004)
How early do speakers compute the scalar
implicature but not both triggered by
(un-embedded) or? Method Head mounted
eye-tracking allows you to monitor how fast
speakers identify the target object of an action.
How early do speakers compute scalar
implicatures to speed up the search? The grapes
or the oranges are next to some locks. Please
click on those locks.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
53
StortoTanenhaus (2004)
Baseline AND Procedure subjects see the scene
for 3 seconds. Then an instruction as the one
below played over speakers The bananas and the
grapes are next to some locks. Please click on
those locks.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
54
StortoTanenhaus (2004)
Baseline AND The bananas and the grapes are
next to some locks. Please click on those locks.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
55
StortoTanenhaus (2004)
Baseline AND The bananas and the grapes are
next to some locks. Please click on those locks.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
56
StortoTanenhaus (2004)
OR The the grapes or the oranges are next to
some locks. Please click on those locks.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
57
StortoTanenhaus (2004)
Baseline AND The bananas and the grapes are
next to some locks. Please click on those locks.
LCS121 Psycholinguistics
Spring 2005Prof. Hackl
TR 935 1050
58
End