Chapter 18 An Industrial Nation

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Chapter 18 An Industrial Nation
Section Notes
Video
The Second Industrial Revolution Big
Business Industrial Workers A New Wave of
Immigration City Life
Industrialization in the United States
Maps
Major Labor Strikes, Late 1800s Coming to America
Quick Facts
Factors Affecting Industrial Growth Chapter 18
Visual Summary
Images
Homestead Steel Mill Poor Working Conditions
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The Second Industrial Revolution
8.12.1 8.12.9

• The Big Idea
• The Second Industrial Revolution led to new
  sources of power and advances in transportation
  and communication.
• Main Ideas
• Breakthroughs in steel processing led to a boom
  in railroad construction.
• Advances in the use of oil and electricity
  improved communications and transportation.
• A rush of inventions changed the lives of
  Americans.

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Main Idea 1 Breakthroughs in steel processing
led to a boom in railroad construction.

• Technological advances important to Second
  Industrial Revolution period of rapid growth in
  U.S. manufacturing in late 1800s
• Bessemer process, invented mid-1850s, allowed
  steel to be produced quickly and cheaply
• Helped increase steel production from 77,000 tons
  in 1870 to more than 1 million tons in 1879
• As steel dropped in price, so did the cost of
  building railroads, generating a boom in railroad
  construction.
• Growth of railroads helped country expand and
  prosper

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Main Idea 2Advances in the use of oil and
electricity improved communications and
transportation.

• Chemists invented a way to convert crude oil into
  fuel called kerosene in the 1850s.
• Kerosene, which could be used for cooking,
  heating, and lighting, created a demand for oil.
• A huge oil industry developed after a way to pump
  oil from the ground was developed in 1859.

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Development of Electricity

• Invention
• Inventor Thomas Edison, who held more than 1,000
  patents, worked to invent an electric light.
• Edison and his team introduced the first
  practical electric lightbulb in 1879.

• Spread
• Edison created a power company to distribute
  electricity, but could not send it over long
  distances.
• George Westinghouse built a power system that
  could send electricity many miles across the
  country.

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Main Idea 3A rush of inventions changed the
lives of Americans.

• New telegraph technology connected the United
  States with Britain by cable in 1866.
• Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in
  1876.
• Telephones were rapidly adopted, the number
  rising from 55,000 in 1880 to almost 1.5 million
  in 1900.

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Big Business
8.12.4 8.12.6

• The Big Idea
• The growth of big business in the late 1800s led
  to the creation of monopolies.
• Main Ideas
• The rise of corporations and powerful business
  leaders led to the dominance of big business in
  the United States.
• People and the government began to question the
  methods of big business.

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Main Idea 1 The rise of corporations and
powerful business leaders led to the dominance of
big business in the United States.

• Many entrepreneurs formed their businesses in the
  late 1800s as corporations businesses that sell
  portions of ownership called stock shares.
• Corporate leaders were some of the most widely
  respected members of American society.
• Successful corporations rewarded not only the
  people who founded them, but also investors who
  held stock
• Corporations encouraged more investment in
  businesses because stockholders could sell stock
  whenever they wanted.

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Business Leaders

• Andrew Carnegie
• One of most admired businesspeople of the time
• Focused on steelmaking
• Used vertical integration, owning businesses
  involved in each step of manufacturing, to lower
  costs

• John D. Rockefeller
• Standard Oil Company was countrys largest
  refinery
• Developed horizontal integration, owning all
  businesses in a field
• Formed trust, grouping many companies under a
  single board

• Leland Stanford
• Made fortune selling equipment to miners
• Governor of California, cofounder of Central
  Pacific Railroad, and founder of Stanford
  University

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Main Idea 2People and the government began to
question the methods of big business.

• People and the government began to view big
  business as a problem in the late 1800s.
• Concerned about child labor, low wages, and poor
  working conditions
• Critics claimed that business leaders justified
  unfair business practicies through social
  Darwinism.
• Darwins survival of fittest applied to which
  human beings would succeed in business and in
  life in general
• Other business leaders believed that the rich
  should help the poor.
• Carnegie, Rockefeller, Stanford, and other
  business leaders gave away large sums of money.

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The Antitrust Movement

• Critics said many businesses earned their
  fortunes through unfair business practices.
• Used size and strength to drive smaller
  competitors out of business
• Powerful trusts sold goods and services below
  market value until smaller competitors went out
  of business, then raised prices.
• Some people were concerned when a trust gained a
  monopoly, or total ownership of a product or
  service.
• The Sherman Antitrust Act was passed in 1890 to
  make it illegal to create monopolies or trusts
  that restrained trade.
• The act did not clearly define a trust in legal
  terms, so it was hard to enforce.

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Industrial Workers
8.12.6

• The Big Idea
• Changes in the workplace led to a rise in labor
  unions and workers strikes.
• Main Ideas
• The desire to maximize profits and become more
  efficient led to poor working conditions.
• Workers began to organize and demand improvements
  in working conditions and pay.
• Labor strikes often turned violent and failed to
  accomplish their goals.

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Main Idea 1The desire to maximize profits and
become more efficient led to poor working
conditions.

• Several factors led to a decline in the quality
  of working conditions in the late 1800s.
• Unskilled workers replaced skilled craftspeople.
• These low-paid workers could easily be replaced.
  They brought costs down and caused production to
  rise.
• Frederick W. Taylor, an efficiency expert,
  published The Principles of Scientific Management
  in 1909.
• Encouraged managers to view workers as
  interchangeable parts
• Injuries increased, and conditions worsened.
• Workers looked for ways to bring about change.

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Poor Working Conditions

• Small, crowded rooms
• Specialization made workers tired, bored, and
  more likely to be injured.
• Managers paid less attention to working
  conditions.
• Stuffy air
• Unsafe workplaces
• Long hours
• Low wages
• No job security

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Main Idea 2 Workers began to organize and
demand improvements in working conditions and pay.

• Knights of Labor
• First national labor union, founded in 1870s
• Pushed for eight-hour workday, equal pay for
  equal work, and end to child labor
• Included both skilled and unskilled workers
• Terence V. Powderly became leader in 1879 and
  ended secrecy

• American Federation of Labor
• Organized individual national unions, such as
  mine-workers and steelworkers unions
• Limited membership to skilled workers
• Used collective bargaining, in which all workers
  acted collectively, or together, to negotiate
  with management

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Main Idea 3 Labor strikes often turned violent
and failed to accomplish their goals.

• Haymarket Riot
• Erupted between protesters and police in Chicago
• Resulted in decline of Knights of Labor

• Homestead Strike
• Strike occurred at Carnegie Steel Company in
  Homestead, Pennsylvania
• Resulting fight left workers and Pinkerton guards
  dead

• Pullman Strike
• Began with workers who made Pullman train cars
• Spread to workers who worked on trains pulling
  sleeping cars
• Federal troops stopped strike

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A New Wave of Immigration
8.12.7

• The Big Idea
• A new wave of immigration in the late 1800s
  brought large numbers of immigrants to the United
  States.
• Main Ideas
• The late 1800s brought a wave of new immigrants
  from southern and eastern Europe and Mexico.
• Some Americans opposed immigration and tried to
  enact restrictions against it.

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Main Idea 1 The late 1800s brought a wave of
new immigrants from southern and eastern Europe
and Mexico.

• Old Immigrants
• Arrived before 1880s
• Mostly from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and
  Scandinavia
• Mostly Protestants, but some Catholics
• Many were skilled workers who spoke English.
• Settled in rural areas and became farmers

• New Immigrants
• Came after 1880
• From southern and eastern Europe included
  Czechs, Greeks, Hungarians, Italians, Poles,
  Russians, and Slovaks
• Included Eastern Orthodox Christians, Roman
  Catholics, and Jews
• Wanted job opportunities in cities

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Journey to America
Immigrants faced a difficult journey, usually
traveling in steerage the area below the ships
deck.
New arrivals had to go to immigration processing
centers run by state and local governments.
Ellis Island in New York opened in 1892 millions
of immigrants came through its center over the
next 40 years.
Officials in processing centers interviewed
immigrants to determine whether to let them enter
the country.
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Settling in Neighborhoods

• Many immigrants moved into neighborhoods with
  others from the same country.
• They could hear their own language, eat familiar
  foods, and keep their customs.
• Business owners often helped new arrivals by
  offering credit and loans.
• Many immigrants lived in tenementspoorly built,
  overcrowded apartments.

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Immigrant Workers

• Many immigrants were farmers in their homelands,
  but had to find jobs in cities in the United
  States.
• Had to take low-paying, unskilled jobs in garment
  or steel factories and construction
• Some worked long hours for little pay in small
  shops or mills called sweatshops.
• Immigrants with appropriate skills sometimes
  found work in a wide range of occupations.
• Others saved, shared, or borrowed money to open
  small businesses.
• Some Mexican immigrants worked on large
  commercial farms in Arizona, Texas, and
  California.

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Main Idea 2 Some Americans opposed immigration
and tried to enact restrictions against it.

• Anti-immigrant feelings grew with increases in
  immigration.
• Some unions feared immigrants would take their
  jobs.
• Americans called nativists held racial and ethnic
  prejudices.
• Thought immigrants poverty and presumed lack of
  education might harm American society
• Some were violent toward immigrants.
• Some nativists worked to pass laws limiting
  immigration.
• Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act in
  1882.
• Nativists in Boston founded the Immigration
  Restriction League in 1894.

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City Life
8.12.5

• The Big Idea
• Cities in the United States experienced dramatic
  expansion in the late 1800s.
• Main Ideas
• New technology and ideas were developed to deal
  with the growth of urban areas.
• The rapid growth of cities created a variety of
  urban problems.

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Main Idea 1 New technology and ideas were
developed to deal with the growth of urban areas.

• Immigrants and native-born Americans moved to
  cities in the late 1800s, causing rapid urban
  growth.
• About 40 percent of Americans lived in urban
  areas by 1900.
• Some city residents were businesspeople and
  skilled workers many more were poor laborers.
• African Americans from the South began moving to
  northern cities to find better economic
  opportunities in the 1890s.

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New Technology and Ideas

• New Technology
• Stronger and cheaper steel led to the
  construction of skyscrapers.
• Mass transit was public transportation designed
  to move lots of people.
• Elevated trains, subways, electric trolleys
• Many middle-class Americans moved to suburbs
  outside cities.

• Mass Culture
• Developed forms of mass culture leisure and
  cultural activities shared by many
• Giant retail shops, or department stores,
  appeared in city centers.
• World fairs
• City dwellers became aware of the need for open
  public spaces, and parks were designed.

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Main Idea 2The rapid growth of cities created a
variety of urban problems.

• Shortage of affordable housing
• Overcrowded tenements
• Disease and health problems
• Caused by overcrowding and lack of sanitation
• Fire and crime
• Help from city governments was limited by lack of
  funds or internal corruption.

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Help from Private Organizations

• Many private organizations stepped in to help the
  poor.
• Some individuals set up settlement houses, or
  neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered
  education, recreation, and social activities.
• The most famous was Hull House, founded in
  Chicago in 1899 by reformers Jane Addams and
  Ellen Gates Starr.
• Worked for reforms such as child labor laws and
  the eight-hour workday

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Routes West
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