First Aid

1
First Aid
2
Motivation

• First-aid might be needed anywhere, at any time,
  and without warning.
• Studying basic first-aid skills will help you be
  prepared in emergencies.

3
Lesson overview

• What is first aid?
• How can you be prepared for an emergency?
• What are universal precautions?
• What are the four steps to take for most
  emergencies?
• What are common emergencies?

4
Lesson overview (contd)

• How should you treat a sprain?
• How should you treat a broken bone?
• How should you treat insect bites and stings?
• How should you treat burns?
• How should you deal with poisoning?
• How should you deal with a foreign object in the
  eye?
• How should you treat a nosebleed?
• How should you treat fainting?

5
Lesson overview (contd)

• How should you treat heat-related illnesses?
• What are severe emergencies?
• How can you help a person who is choking?
• What steps can you take to treat shock?
• How should you treat severe bleeding?
• What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

6
Quick Write

• Suppose that you witnessed a car accident. List
  the actions you would take to provide help and
  the order in which you would take them.

7
What is first aid?

• First aidimmediate temporary care for an
  injured/ill person until he/she can get
  professional help
• Knowing first aid may
• Help prevent further damage
• Speed recovery
• Make the difference between life and death

8
How can you be prepared for an emergency?

• Learn basic first-aid skills.
• Have emergency numbers on hand.
• Know location of family health records.
• Keep first-aid supplies at home and in car. Know
  how to use them.

9
How can you be prepared for an emergency? (contd)

• Make your own first-aid kit or buy one.
• Basic first-aid supplies
• Instruments (e.g., tweezers)
• Equipment (e.g., thermometer)
• Medications (e.g., antiseptic ointment)
• Dressings (e.g., bandages)
• Miscellaneous (e.g., face mask)

10
What are universal precautions?

• Universal precautionsactions that prevent spread
  of disease by treating all blood as if it were
  contaminated
• Examples
• Wear protective gloves.
• Use a face mask or shield.
• Cover open wounds on your body.
• Avoid touching objects that have had contact with
  victims blood.
• Wash hands thoroughly after giving first aid.

11
What are the four steps to take for most
emergencies?

• Recognize the signs.
• Decide to act.
• Call for help.
• Provide care until help arrives.

12
What are common emergencies?

• Sprains
• Bruises
• Broken bones
• Insect bites
• Burns
• Poisoning
• Foreign objects in eye
• Nosebleed
• Fainting
• Heat-related illnesses

13
How should you treat a sprain?

• Symptoms
• Swelling
• Bruising
• For minor sprains, use R.I.C.E. method
• Rest
• Ice
• Compression
• Elevation

14
How should you treat a broken bone?

• Open fracturecomplete break with one or both
  sides of the bone piercing the skin
• Closed fracturedoes not break the skin
• Symptomspain, swelling, misshapen appearance
• Have X-ray taken. This is the only way to be
  sure bone is broken.

15
How should you treat insect bites and stings?

• General symptomspain and swelling at site of
  bite or sting
• Severe reactions include rash, difficulty
  breathing, and signs of shock.
• Require medical help

16
How should you treat insect bites and stings?
(contd)

• To treat bites, wash affected area and apply a
  special lotion.
• To treat stings, remove stinger and apply ice or
  a cold pack.

17
How should you treat insect bites and stings?
(contd)

• First aid for tick bites
• Use tweezers to grasp tick by head/mouth parts
  where they enter skin.
• Pull tick directly outward.
• Place tick in alcohol to kill it.
• Clean bite with disinfectant.

18
How should you treat burns?

• Treatment depends on
• The amount of skin burned
• The location of the burn
• The depth of the burn

19
How should you treat burns? (contd)

• First-degree burn
• Affects only outer layer of skin
• Usually makes skin red
• May cause swelling/pain
• To treat first-degree burn
• Cool burn with water or apply cold compresses.
• Cover burn with sterile bandage.

20
How should you treat burns? (contd)

• Seconddegree burn
• Affects first and second layers of skin
• Causes blisters
• Makes skin red and splotchy
• Usually causes severe pain/swelling
• Requires immediate medical attention

21
How should you treat burns? (contd)

• A third-degree burn
• Involves all layers of skin
• May affect fat, muscle, and bone
• May be charred black or appear dry/white
• May cause little or no pain

22
How should you treat burns? (contd)

• To treat a third-degree burn
• Call for medical help.
• Treat victim for shock.
• Do not remove burned clothing.
• Cover burn with bandage or cloth.
• Do not apply cold water.
• Keep victim still and provide fluids.

23
How should you deal with poisoning?

• Call nearest poison-control center.
• Provide information about poison-control victim
  and poison.
• Follow instructions provided by center.
• Eliminate any direct contact between poisonous
  chemical and victims clothing/skin.

24
How should you deal with a foreign object in the
eye?

• If the object is in your eye
• Dont rub.
• Try to flush object out with clean water.
• If unsuccessful, seek help.
• If object is in someone elses eye
• Locate object.
• Remove floating object on eyes surface with
  cotton swab or clean cloth.
• If unsuccessful, seek help.

25
How should you treat a nosebleed?

• Pinch nose shut with thumb and index finger.
• Breathe through mouth.
• Keep nose pinched for 5 to 10 minutes.
• Get medical assistance if bleeding.
• Lasts for 15 minutes
• Is excessive

26
How should you treat fainting?

• If you feel faint, lie or sit down and place head
  between knees.
• If someone else faints
• Leave person lying down.
• Check airway.
• Raise legs.
• Loosen clothing.
• Call for help.

27
How should you treat heat-related illnesses?

• Heat crampspainful, involuntary muscle spasms
  that usually occur during heavy exercise in hot
  weather
• Treatment includes
• Resting and cooling down
• Drinking water or a sports drink with
  electrolytes
• Doing gentle stretching exercises
• Gently massaging cramp

28
How should you treat heat-related illnesses?
(contd)

• Heat exhaustion symptomsfaintness nausea rapid
  heartbeat and hot, red, dry, or sweaty skin
• Treatment includes
• Moving to cool place
• Lying down and slightly elevating feet
• Loosening clothing
• Drinking cold (not iced) water
• Keeping cool with water and fanning
• Keeping careful watch

29
How should you treat heat-related illnesses?
(contd)

• Heatstrokemost serious form of heat illness
• Main sign marked increase in body temperature
  (above 104F)
• Other signs rapid heartbeat and rapid/shallow
  breathing
• Treat person for heat exhaustion and call for
  emergency medical assistance.

30
What are severe emergencies?

• Severe emergencies are emergencies in which a
  person may have only minutes to live unless the
  correct treatment is provided.
• In such emergencies, try to stay calm, and call
  for help.

31
How can you help a person who is choking?

• Choking occurs when persons airway becomes
  blocked by an object.
• Signs of choking include
• Expression of fear
• Clutching throat
• Wheezing/gasping
• Turning reddish purple
• Bulging eyes
• Inability to speak

32
How can you help a person who is choking? (contd)

• For an adult or older child, use abdominal
  thrustsquick, upward pulls into the diaphragm to
  force out an obstruction blocking the airway.
• The abdominal thrusts technique
• From behind, wrap arms around persons waist and
  tip person slightly forward.

33
How can you help a person who is choking? (contd)

• Make a fist. Place thumb side of fist just above
  persons navel but below breastbone.
• Grasp fist with other hand.
• Quickly thrust inward and upward.
• Repeat thrusts until food/object is dislodged.
• If person becomes unresponsive, call for medical
  help and begin CPR.

34
How can you help a person who is choking? (contd)

• If you are choking, give yourself abdominal
  thrusts.
• Make fist and position it slightly above navel.
  Grasp fist with other hand and thrust inward and
  upward into abdomen until object pops out.
• Or lean over a firm object (back of chair) and
  press abdomen into it.

35
What steps can you take to treat shock?

• Shockcirculatory system fails to deliver enough
  oxygen to vital tissues/organs
• Causes include
• Injury, including burns
• Severe infection
• Heat
• Poisoning
• Blood loss
• Heart attack

36
What steps can you take to treat shock? (contd)

• Signs of shock include
• Cool, clammy, pale or gray skin
• Weak and rapid pulse
• Slow, shallow breathing
• Dilated pupils and dull look in eyes
• Feeling faint, weak, confused, or anxious

37
What steps can you take to treat shock? (contd)

• To treat shock
• Call for medical help.
• Have person lie down on back and stay still.
• Raise the feet higher than the head.
• Loosen tight clothing and keep person warm.
• Do not give person anything to drink.
• Roll person to side if vomiting or bleeding from
  mouth occurs.

38
How should you treat severe bleeding?

• Have person lie down.
• If possible, raise bleeding site above heart
  level.
• Wear protective gloves if possible.
• Apply direct pressure to wound with clean cloth.
• If unsuccessful, apply pressure to the artery
  that supplies blood to wounded area.

39
How should you treat severe bleeding? (contd)

• For arm bleeding
• Use four fingers to press on inside of upper arm.
• Press artery at this point against arm bone.
• To find artery, feel for pulse below round muscle
  of biceps.

40
How should you treat severe bleeding? (contd)

• For leg bleeding
• Use heel of your hand to press groin at area
  shown here.
• Press artery at this point against pelvic bone.
• You may need to use both hands.

41
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

• Use CPR if person loses consciousness and becomes
  unresponsive.
• CPR combines rescue breaths with chest
  compressions to restore breathing and circulation
• Only properly trained people should perform CPR.

42
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
(contd)

• The first steps of CPR are the ABCsairway,
  breathing, and circulation.
• Airway
• Look inside victims mouth and remove any
  obstruction.
• Lay person flat on firm surface.
• Gently tilt head back with one hand and lift chin
  with other.
• If there are head/neck injuries, open airway by
  lifting jaw.

43
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
(contd)

• Breathing
• Pinch persons nostrils shut.
• Take normal breath and place your mouth over
  victims and form a seal.
• Give 2 slow breaths (about 2 seconds each).
• Victims chest should rise with breaths.

44
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
(contd)

• Circulation
• Check for circulation by watching for response to
  rescue breaths (breathing, coughing, or
  movement).
• If no signs, a person trained in CPR should begin
  chest compressions immediately.

45
What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?
(contd)

• To combine rescue breaths with chest
  compressions
• Position your hands.
• Begin chest compressions and rescue breathing.
• Give 15 chest compressions at rate of about 100
  per minute.
• Pause to give two rescue breaths.
• Check for signs of circulation after four cycles,
  then every few minutes.

46
Lesson review

• First aidimmediate temporary care for
  injured/ill person until professional help
  arrives
• Be prepared for emergencies.
• Learn basic first-aid skills.
• Have list of emergency phone numbers.
• Know location of family health records.
• Keep first-aid supplies at home and in car and
  know how to use them.
• Universal precautionsactions taken to prevent
  spread of disease by treating all blood as if it
  were contaminated

47
Lesson review (contd)

• The four steps to take for most emergencies
• Recognize signs.
• Decide to act.
• Call for help.
• Provide care until help arrives.
• Common emergencies sprains, bruises, broken
  bones, insect bites, burns, poisoning, foreign
  objects in eye, nosebleeds, fainting, and
  heat-related illnesses
• Treat minor sprains with R.I.C.E. method.
• X-ray any possibly broken bones.

48
Lesson review (contd)

• Allergic reactions to insect bites/stings need
  professional medical help.
• First aid for insect bites wash affected area
  and apply special lotion.
• First aid for insect stings remove stinger and
  apply ice/cold pack.
• For tick bites, carefully remove tick with
  tweezers. Clean wound with disinfectant.
• First aid for burns depends on amount of skin and
  location and depth of burn.
• Burn classifications first, second, or third
  degree

49
Lesson review (contd)

• Call nearest poison control center to treat
  poison victims.
• If skin comes into direct contact with poisonous
  chemical
• Remove any clothing in contact with chemical.
• Remove chemical from skins surface.
• Call nearest poison-control center.
• For foreign object in eye, try to flush object
  out of eye with clean water. If unsuccessful, get
  medical assistance.

50
Lesson review (contd)

• To treat nosebleed
• Pinch nose shut with thumb and index finger.
• Breathe through mouth.
• Keep nose pinched for 5 to 10 minutes.
• If bleeding lasts 15 minutes or if there is a
  lot of blood, seek medical assistance.

51
Lesson review (contd)

• If you feel faint, lie or sit down and place head
  between knees.
• If someone else faints
• Leave person lying down.
• Raise legs above the level of head. Loosen any
  tight clothing.
• If person does not regain consciousness in 1 to
  2 minutes, call for help.
• If person not breathing, call for help and start
  CPR if trained.

52
Lesson review (contd)

• Heat cramps treatment resting, cooling down,
  drinking fluids, gentle stretching/massage
• Heat exhaustion treatment taking person to
  cooler place, having person lie down and elevate
  feet, loosening clothing, drinking cool water,
  and keeping cool

53
Lesson review (contd)

• Heatstroke treatment same as for heat exhaustion
  but requires emergency medical assistance
• Help a choking adult or older child by using
  abdominal thrusts technique.
• If you are choking, expel object with abdominal
  thrusts technique or by leaning over firm object
  and pressing abdomen into it.

54
Lesson review (contd)

• For shock victim
• Call for medical help.
• Have person lie down on back raise feet higher
  than head.
• Keep person still and warm.
• Loosen tight clothing.
• Do not give the person fluids.
• If person vomits or bleeds from the mouth, roll
  him/her to side to prevent choking.

55
Lesson review (contd)

• To stop severe bleeding, have person lie down.
• Try to raise bleeding site above level of heart.
• Try to use protective gloves.
• Apply direct pressure to wound with clean cloth.
• If unsuccessful, apply pressure to artery that
  supplies blood to wounded area.
• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) combines
  rescue breaths with chest compressions to restore
  breathing and circulation. Only properly trained
  people should perform CPR.

56
Summary

• What is first aid?
• How can you be prepared for an emergency?
• What are universal precautions?
• What are the four steps to take for most
  emergencies?
• What are common emergencies?
• How should you treat a sprain?

57
Summary (contd)

• How should you treat a broken bone?
• How should you treat insect bites and stings?
• How should you treat burns?
• How should you deal with poisoning?
• How should you deal with a foreign object in the
  eye?
• How should you treat a nosebleed?
• How should you treat fainting?

58
Summary (contd)

• How should you treat heat-related illnesses?
• What are severe emergencies?
• How can you help a person who is choking?
• What steps can you take to treat shock?
• How should you treat severe bleeding?
• What is cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?

59
Next

• Done First aid techniques for common and severe
  medical emergencies
• Next Benefits of Physical Activity