NCSP Workshop for Pacific Island Countries on the Preparation of Second National Communications, 161

1
NCSP Workshop for Pacific Island Countries on the
Preparation of Second National Communications,
16-19 July 2007, Apia, Samoa
Your presentation title Graham Sem
(Ph.D) Sustainable Environmental Management
2
Mitigation of Climate Change

• Outline
• Recapping provisions required by the guidelines
  - refresher
• Methodological approaches reference documents
  for mitigation analysis and Assessment -
  Technical resources
• Mitigation Assessment What to do?
• Experience from Pacific islands region Are
  there lessons to be learned?
• Climate Change Mitigation Projects
• Conclusions Sustainable development

3
1. Key provisions of the guidelines

• Information on the general description of steps
  taken or envisaged by the NAI Party to implement
  the Convention
• Including national and regional programmes
  containing measures to mitigate climate change
• Addressing anthropogenic emissions by sources and
  removals by sinks of all GHGs not controlled by
  the Montreal Protocol
• Relevant information by key sectors on
  methodologies, scenarios, results, measures and
  institutional arrangements
• Based on national circumstances, within the
  framework of sustainable development
• Any other relevant information to the achievement
  of the objective of the Convention

4
2. Methodological approaches reference documents

• Technical resources
• Technologies, Policies and Measures for
  Mitigating Climate Change (IPCC Technical Paper
  I)
• UNEP/Riso Economics of GHG limitations,
• GHG Mitigation assessment A Guidebook
• GHG Mitigation Assessment A Guidebook by US
  Country Studies Program
• Models
• LEAP Long range Energy Alternatives Planning
  system (Energy sector)
• COMAP Comprehensive Mitigation Assessment
  Process (Land use change Forestry)
• Statistic tools (other sectors)

5
3. Mitigation Assessment

• 3.1 What?
• Mitigation assessments should be closed linked to
  the other national GHG inventories and VA
  assessments.
• Should be consistent with data and assumptions
  used in those assessments (e.g. demographic and
  economic/planning assumptions).
• GHG inventories will determine the scope and
  emphasis in the mitigation assessment.
• VA assessments identify changes in natural
  resource conditions and the applicability/practica
  bility of mitigation options e.g. water
  resources and hydro development
• Mitigation assessment in the same sectors with
  those of national GHG emissions

6
3. Mitigation Assessment

• 3.2 Data
• Specific data requirements depend on scope and
  objectives of study.
• Depending on methodology, may need to collect
  data only for a base year, or may need to collect
  historical time series data (e.g. if using
  econometric methods).
• Decide on level of data disaggregation avoid
  temptation to be data driven.
• Primary focus should be collation of secondary
  data, but some primary data collection may be
  required and assumptions/judgment will be needed
  to fill data gaps.

7
3. Mitigation Assessment

• 3.3 Methods and tools
• Methods and tools used range from a broad
  description of main development trends and
  statistics to formalized modelling at sector and
  macro-economic levels
• The steps taken should be well elaborated if
  mitigation assessment requires detailed
  evaluation of specific programmes and policies
• Social and economic development framework for
  climate change mitigation
• Main national economic and social development
  trends including expected GHG emissions in
  energy, industrial processes, agriculture,
  land-use change and forestry and waste management

8
3. Mitigation Assessment

• 3.4 Other Information
• Generation of information on the national and
  regional analysis of the potential costs and
  impacts of the various technologies and practices
  to mitigate climate change
• Relevance for sustainable development and useful
  for policy makers, and should also help formulate
  and prioritize mitigation programmes
• Identification of mitigation priorities will
  depend on the processes by which priorities are
  expressed in each country (e.g. whether
  priorities are set by the Government alone or in
  consultation with other stakeholders such as
  NGOs, industries, the scientific community, etc.)

9
3. Mitigation Assessment

• 3.5 Who should be involved?
• Mitigation assessments will require close
  cooperation among a wide range of stakeholders.
• Energy, Environment and Finance ministries,
  consultants, academic/research institutions, NGOs
  involved in energy projects, etc
• Expert skills required include energy planners
  (statisticians, economists, policy experts,
  engineers, modelers), climate change experts, etc
• Involve much broader judgments about how
  mitigation activities can fit into national
  development priorities.

10
3. Mitigation Assessment

• 3.6. Criteria
• GHG and other environmental considerations
• GHG reduction potential
• Environmental issues
• Economic and social considerations
• Current and future policy considerations
• Cost-effectiveness
• Project-level considerations
• Macro-economic considerations
• Equity considerations
• Administrative, institutional and political
  considerations
• Administrative burden
• Political considerations

11
3. Mitigation Assessment

• 3.7 Useful Steps
• Set up sectoral task teams to work with GHG TWG
• Develop a work plan with realistic goals
• Identify most applicable/reliable data sources
  institutions/ organizations, people etc to
  contact
• Data verification and data quality assurance and
  checks
• Knowledge of mitigation analysis tools
• Review INC mitigation report and identify areas
  for improvement
• Define Time Frame (typically long run, 30-40
  years)

12
3. Mitigation Assessment (cont.)

• 3.7 Useful Steps
• Define Scope (energy demand supply,
  agriculture, land-use, forestry, solid waste,
  geological sequestration)
• Identify stakeholders (policy, scientific
  community, NGOs)
• Define desired results
• Select methodologies consistent with data and
  expertise availability
• Standardize key parameters (base year, end year,
  etc.)
• Define project boundaries (consistent with
  approach used to develop emissions inventories)
• Define scenarios (at least two baseline and
  mitigation)

13
4. Experience from Pacific Islands region

• 4.1 Mitigation Options
• Regional mitigation assessment carried out under
  PICCAP (2000)
• Three mitigation options identified
• Demand-side options labeling, tropical island
  appliances, training and education, improvements
  in ground transport
• Supply-side options energy efficiency, biomass
  for heat and electricity, coconut oil, wind power
  and solar PV
• Forestry sustainable supply of fuel

14
4. Experience from Pacific islands region(Ellis,
M and Fifita, S. 2000)
15
4. Experience from Pacific Islands Region

• 4.2 Renewable Energy Sources (RES)
• PICs rely heavily on fossil fuel combustion for
  their energy needs
• Biomass provides the majority of PIC energy needs
• Much of early work has been on RES

16
4. Experience from Pacific Islands Region

• 4.2 Examples of RES in the Pacific
• Biomass heat and electricity in Fiji
• Hydro - heat and electricity in PNG, Fiji,
  Vanuatu and Solomon Islands
• Geothermal assessments in Fiji, PNG and
  Vanuatu. Geothermal energy extraction in PNG
• Wind - Cook Islands and Fiji
• Solar Thermal Tonga, Fiji and PNG
• Solar PV - small-scale but common in most PICs
• Ocean Thermal first one in Nauru but no longer
  in use
• Hybrid systems - Fiji

17
4. Experience from Pacific Islands region

• 4.3 Information from Mitigation Projects
• Pacific islands renewable energy programme
• ADB renewable Energy and energy efficiency
  programme
• EDF9 FSM, Palau, Nauru, Niue and RMI
• Pacific islands energy policy and strategic
  action planning
• Pacific Rural Energy France-Australia Common
  Endeavour
• UNDPs regional energy programme for poverty
  reduction
• Bilaterally, donor agencies fund various RE
  programmes in Fiji, Samoa, PNG, Cook Islands,
  Kiribati, Tonga, Vanuatu

18
4. Experience from Pacific Islands region

• 4.4 Barriers to mitigation
• Technical barriers poor designs, poor services,
  high risk of cyclones, supply of raw material is
  not assured (i.e. forestry)
• Market barriers low economies of scale, lack of
  private sector involvement, influence of donors
• Institutional barriers inadequate capacities,
  lack of standards
• Financial barriers ability to pay?
• Policy/regulatory barriers lack of appropriate
  legislation and policies
• Knowledge and information barriers

19
5. What information to report?
5.1 Climate Change Mitigation Projects

• Information on programmes and measures
  mitigation projects (in national communication or
  as a separate document)
• An elaboration of the costs of implementation
• A description of the mitigation potential
• A description of the project concepts
  environmental and social benefits
• A description of the constraints to
  implementation

20
6. Conclusions

• Advantage of not starting from scratch. A lot
  of information on mitigation is now available for
  PICs (projects, programmes, activities)
• Climate change mitigation is also considered a
  real sustainable development issue for PICs
• Renewable energy sources and renewable energy
  technologies provide options for sustainable
  energy use in the future
• Biomass still provides the majority of energy
  needs for the PICs
• Mitigation has huge economic and environmental
  benefits