CANINE HEALTH

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CANINE HEALTH
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PAGE 192
Describe major health concerns for dogs. Identify
diseases that affect dogs.
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Infectious diseases group of diseases caused by
pathogenic microorganisms.
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• Canine distemper caused by inhalation of
  airborne virus. Symptoms
• vomiting and diarrhea
• tremors -gtepileptic fits

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CDV causes severe eye discharge
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The majority of distemper cases in domestic dogs
are seen in the fall and winter.
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Transmission occurs via direct contact or
possibly by contact with contaminated objects.
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No treatment other than supportive care exists
for canine distemper
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Dogs should receive annual CDV vaccinations to
ensure protection.
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Infectious canine hepatitis spread by urine or
saliva in mouth, highly contagious
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• Its symptoms are similar to those of the early
  stages of distemper.
• Causing liver failure, eye damage and breathing
  problems, the course of this disease can range
  from mild to fatal.
• Vaccination remains the best protection

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Leptospirosis bacteria bacteria contact of
contaminated food and water with urine.
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Humans can also contract lepto
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Electron microscope picture of leptospirosis
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vomiting
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Notice jaw color
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Dogs usually have conjunctivitis and congested
oral mucus membranes. There also can be a dry
spontaneous cough accompanied with difficulty in
breathing. In addition, dogs may have frequent
urination
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Canine parvovirus infection viral contact of
materials contaminated with feces from infected
dogs (affects mostly young pups). gtgtvomiting,
bloody diarrhea, refusal to eat.
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A puppy problem, they have low immunity
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• Infected dogs shed virus (in their stool) in
  gigantic amounts during the 2 weeks following
  exposure. 

• Bleach completely kills parvovirus

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Electron microscope Parvovirus
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With proper hospitalization, survival rates from
parvo approach 80
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It is crucial to replace the vast fluid losses
(from vomiting and diarrhea) with intravenous
fluids. Fluids are given as a steady drip.
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Since the GI tract is damaged, antibiotics cannot
be given orally. They are given either as shots
or are added into the IV fluid bag
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Vaccinate puppies in a series, giving a vaccine
every 2-4 weeks until age 16 weeks. (Colostrum
contains anitibodies that can work against a 1
time vaccine)
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Kennel cough (tracheobronchitis) respiratory
disease contracted in confinement (pet shops, dog
shows, kennels, etc.). Symptom cough.
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Some dogs also develop conjunctivitis
(inflammation of the membrane lining the
eyelids), rhinitis (inflammation of the nasal
mucous membrane), and a nasal discharge.
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Transmission most frequently occurs by contact
with the nasal secretions of infected dogs.
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Intranasal vaccination (Bordatella) may be given
as early as 2 weeks of age and immunity generally
lasts 10-12 months.  (Usually this vaccine is
boosted annually.)
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Rabies viral disease that attacks the central
nervous system. a. All warm-blooded animals can
transmit rabies.
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b. Symptoms occur 2 weeks to 3 months after bite.
(21-80 days) Severe symptoms can be seen within
10 days.
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c. Furious rabies animal may act strange then
wander off, attack and bite anything in its path,
commonly seen frothing at the mouth.
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d. Dumb rabies no wandering but paralysis of
lower jaw followed by paralysis of body and death.
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Rabies is only transmitted by the bite of a rabid
animal to another mammal.  The virus is present
in saliva of the infected animal for a limited
time. 
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If you are bitten by any animal of which you do
not know the rabies vaccination status, you
should immediately wash the wound thoroughly with
soap and water. 
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Try to establish who owns the animal and whether
the pet is currently vaccinated for rabies.  In
any case, seek the advice of your physician. 
Post-exposure rabies treatment with serum or
vaccine may be recommended.
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Coronavirus spread by feces contamination.
Causes severe vomiting and diarrhea.
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Vomiting, diarrhea that may contain mucus or
blood, depression, anorexia, and occasionally
fever
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Canine Coronavirus (CCV) is the second leading
viral cause of diarrhea in puppies with canine
Parvovirus being the leader
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The worse case scenario is that the animal will
suffer from diarrhea and related symptoms for
several days. 
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Puppies that are infected by the virus, however,
can develop severe dehydration from persistent
vomiting and diarrhea caused by the inflammation
occurring in the small intestine.
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Being protected against parvo virus usually helps
ensure protection from Corona virus. But there is
a vaccine
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Canine Brucellosis bacterial disease. In
females, causes abortion, failure to whelp, and
enlargement of the lymph nodes.
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In males, causes swelling of the scrotum and
testicles
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Female dogs can transmit the bacteria through
vaginal discharges at the time of estrus or
breeding. The infection can also be transmitted
to unborn puppies and through the milk.
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Male dogs can carry the infection in their
seminal fluid and urine.
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There is no vaccine against Brucellosis and
treatment with antibiotics is difficult. Spaying
and neutering of dogs will help prevent the
spread of this disease
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Canine herpes virus viral disease that causes
severe illness and death in puppies younger than
6 weeks old.
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In puppies1st sign is a lack of interest in
nursing. They whine continuously and appear
uncomfortable. They appear to be in pain due to
tender abdomens. They may release yellowish green
stools. Nasal discharge is common.
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This virus is transmitted by direct contact with
body secretions.
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In females, vaginal redness can be present. Some
dogs develop small vesicles (blisters) in the
vagina or prepuce. In males the base of the
penis may become inflamed.
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Canine kidney with Herpes virus
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Pseudorabies primarily a swine disease but can
be transmitted to small animals.
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Viral disease that causes intense itching that
progresses to convulsions, paralysis and coma,
followed by death within 24 to 72 hours.
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Salmonellosis bacterial disease spread by
ingestion of food contaminated by feces or if
dogs are eating raw foods(eggs).
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• fever, anorexia, lethargy
• diarrhea, possibly with mucus or blood
• abdominal pain

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Haemobartonellosis bacterial infection that
destroys red blood cells. Symptoms are fever,
pale mucous membranes, weight loss, and
depression.
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is a tick transmitted (and sometimes flea
transmitted) disease.
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Haemobartonellosis targets the red blood cells
which are responsible for carrying oxygen.
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Blood smear from dog. Note the spots on the RBC
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A dog without a spleen is more susceptible -
there is nothing to remove the infected cells
(and the mycoplasma) from the bloodstream.
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Antibiotics such as tetracycline,
oxytetracycline, or doxycycline are given for 3
weeks.
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flea and tick control are the foundations of
prevention
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Tuberculosis bacterial infection caused by
inhaling respiratory excretions or drinking
infected milk, or eating carcasses of animals
having TB.
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TB bacteria under a microscope
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Campylobacteriosis bacterial infection caused
by consumption of contaminated water food of
infected animal.
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Symptoms are loss of appetite, inactivity mild
diarrhea.
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Non-infectious diseases
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Heart disease 2 types congenital (birth) and
contracted.
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Experience heart enlargement, coughing,
lethargy,difficulty breathing,fainting, profound
intolerance to exercise, loss of appetite and
weight loss.
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Most common symptoms are coughing at night during
sleep, coughing during exercise, inability to
exercise, open mouth breathing at rest, etc
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Cataracts cause cloudy, white opacity of the
lens. Can be heredity or not, can cause
blindness. Most often affects the sight in older
dogs.
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Cataracts can occur due to other diseases such as
diabetes mellitus (sugar diabetes). Glaucoma can
result from injury to the eye, and can be
hereditary.
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Mature Cataract
Normal
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• dogs also develop cataracts with age (often after
  8 years of life)

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Immature and mature cataracts can be treated by
surgically removing them.
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A small incision is made in the eye and a hole is
made in the capsular bag that holds the lens.
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Phacoemulsification is then performed, in which a
special probe ultrasonically emulsifies and
removes the cataract.
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After the entire lens is removed, an artificial
replacement lens, called an intraocular lens or
IOL, is placed in the bag. The eye is closed with
extremely small sutures
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IOL is seen in a dog that has had the cataract
removal surgery
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Glaucoma increase in pressure within the
eyeball, which causes damage to the retina and
optic nerve.
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Requires immediate attention or the dog will go
blind.
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• expensive eye drops and pills that help decrease
  fluid production or increase fluid drainage from
  the eye

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• the eye can be removed surgically or surgery to
  drain the fluids is possible if the eye is not
  already blind.

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Progressive Retinal Atrophy (PRA) genetic
disease in which cells of retina gradually
degenerate and lead to sight loss.
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First sign is loss of night vision then
behavioral changes.
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Changes in the retina and other parts of the eye
may be observed through an ophthalmic examination
by a veterinary opthalmologist
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The disease is non-painful, there is no cure
for it. The eyes are genetically programmed to go
blind. It is recessively inherited in all breeds.

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Specific oral antioxidant therapy can delay the
progression of blindness.
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Confirmation of the diagnosis can be undertaken
by electroretinography.
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This is an electrical measurement of retinal
function somewhat similar to an
electrocardiographic test of heart function
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but with two differences the electroretinogram
(ERG) can only be recorded as a response to a
flash of light
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NORMAL
PRA eye
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Cherry eye prolapse and enlargement of the tear
gland of the third eyelid.
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The gland starts to move and becomes irritated.
Irritation leads to swelling and discharge. The
third eyelid can become bloody and ulcerated and
develops conjunctivitis.
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A single stitch is permanently placed drawing the
gland back where it belongs.
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Hip dysplasia (CHD) an inherited trait that can
be brought on by too much exercise, rough play,
jumping, excessive weight gain, and rapid growth.
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Affects the hip joints and is common in large
breed dogs.
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Severe dysplasia
Normal
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Depending on the severity of the problem, this
can lead to painful and sometimes crippling
arthritis
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Early treatment with ACUPUNCTURE may help
alleviate or retard the development of the
disease.
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Once the ball is removed, a piece of muscle or
joint tissue is placed between the thigh bone (
femora) and the socket. This causes scar tissue
to form which in turn supports the leg.
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Lots of conclusions that pups reared especially
during the nursing period on slippery surfaces
such as newspapers will be prone to hip
difficulties. 
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EX) smooth concrete, wood or newspaper surfaces
cause dysplasia, just that they can make a bad
situation worse.   Better surfaces would be
blankets or towels... to get a better grip on.
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Affected dogs will sit rather than stand, have
trouble arising, run with the rear legs together
and not be able to keep up any more on Sunday
walks.
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If breeding dogs, it is important to have sires
and bitches X rayed so you dont
pass this on to pups! Vet can
certify.
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Arthritis degenerative joint disease that
causes pain, lameness, and stiffness in the
joints. Large, old and obese dogs are more prone
to the disease.
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Glucosamine is very promising in the treatment
of arthritis and hip dysplasia pain in cats,
dogs, and horses. It is effective in easing pain.

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Tetanus caused by a bacteria whose spores are
present in the soil and feces of various animals.
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The organism produces toxins that cause
over-stimulation of the dogs nervous system.
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Symptoms spasms of facial muscles, paralysis,
lockjaw, inability to stand, stiffness, etc.
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Botulism ingestion of a toxin-producing
bacteria from rotting carcasses or
garbage. Symptoms paralysis and total loss of
muscle function.
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Anal Sac blockage territory marking substances
become blocked and cause pain and become swollen.
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Anal sacs (also called "anal glands") are 2 small
glands just inside your pet's anus. The material
secreted into these glands is thick and foul
smelling.
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Dog may lick or drag their rear end on the
ground. The veterinarian should empty them the
first time.
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Fungus diseases
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Ringworm most common fungae disease. Symptoms
begin as broken hairs around the face, ears, or
feet.
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It has nothing to do with a worm!!
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Reddened skin and scaly skin develop, followed by
crusting and scaling in severe cases.
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Following exposure to the fungus, about 10-12
days will pass before any lesions occur. 
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Transmission occurs by direct contact between
infected and non-infected individuals.  It may be
passed from dogs to cats and visa versa.  It may
also be passed from dogs or cats to people and
visa versa.
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The use of a Woods lamp is a useful tool in the
small animal clinic. Hairs will fluorescence
under a UV light in dogs.
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TREATMENTTopical antifungal medication.  Apply
one of these products to the affected areas once
daily for 10 days.
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Baths using an antifungal shampoo. Helps prevent
re-exposure from dropping spores 
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Human symptom
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Blastomycosis inhaling infected spores of soil
enriched with bird or bat droppings. Symptoms are
coughing, rapid breathing, pneumonia and fever.
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Sometimes there can be skin lesions
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Male dogs and large breed dogs have a higher
incidence of blastomycosis, and most cases occur
in dogs between 1 and 5 years of age.
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Histoplasmosis also found in soil enriched with
bird or bat droppings. Symptoms are similar to
blastomycosis.
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These occur most commonly in the late spring to
fall in sporting breeds and hounds.
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Amphotericin must be given as an intravenous
injection, either as a slow IV drip over several
hours or as rapid IV bolus injections, one to
three times weekly.
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Coccidioidomycosis prefers hot, dry, alkaline
soils. Symptoms are similar to blastomycosis.
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Usually start out with listlessness, anorexia or
loss of appetite and fever
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AKA Valley Fever or VF
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Coccidioidiomycosis is not spread from animal to
animal
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There can be central nervous system infection
which seems like it definitely could lead to
changes in personality
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Treatment of the disease consists of anti-fungal
medications
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It takes long-term therapy to rid the dog of this
organism and some dogs may even require lifelong
therapy