Years of Crisis, 19191939

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QUIT
Years of Crisis, 19191939
Chapter Overview
Time Line
An Age of Uncertainty
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SECTION
A Global Depression
2
SECTION
Fascism Rises in Europe
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SECTION
GRAPH
Aggressors on the March
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SECTION
MAP
Visual Summary
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Years of Crisis, 19191939
The 1920s see great changes in technology,
science, and the arts. The Great Depression of
the 1930s causes worldwide crises. Britain and
France try to appease Fascist Italy and Nazi
Germany. The United States isolates itself.
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Years of Crisis, 19191939
Time Line
1919 Weimar Republic established in Germany.
1927 Lindbergh crosses Atlantic in Spirit of St.
Louis.
1931 Japan seizes Manchuria.
1936 Spanish Civil War begins.
1922 James Joyce writes Ulysses.
1929 U.S. stock market crashes Great Depression
begins.
1939 Germany and Soviet Union sign nonaggression
pact.
1933 Hitler named German chancellor.
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An Age of Uncertainty
Key Idea
New ideas in science, the arts, and technology
develop in the postwar period and change the way
people look at the world and live their lives.
Overview
Assessment
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An Age of Uncertainty
Overview
Albert Einstein theory of relativity
Sigmund Freud existentialism Friedrich
Nietzsche surrealism jazz Charles
Lindbergh
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
The postwar period was one of loss and
uncertainty but also one of invention,
creativity, and new ideas.
Postwar trends in physics, psychiatry, art,
literature, communication, music, and
transportation still affect our lives.
Assessment
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An Age of Uncertainty
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. For each category shown below, name at
least two people you read about who contributed
to that field.
Sartre, Jaspers, Nieztsche
Kafka, Joyce
Klee, Kandinsky, Braque, Picasso, Dali
Wright, Gropius
Stravinsky, Schoenberg, Ellington,
African-American musicians
continued . . .
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An Age of Uncertainty
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Section
Assessment
2. In your opinion, whose ideas had a bigger
impact on the worldEinsteins or Freuds? Give
reasons to support your position. THINK ABOUT
the state of knowledge before their
contributions
the field in which they worked
how life would be different without their
contributions
ANSWER
Einsteintheory of relativity changed scientific
thought, upset absolute laws of science in
contrast, Freuds field was new, unscientific.
Freuddeveloped new theory of human mind
ushered in era of psychoanalysis created new
understanding of human behavior Freuds ideas
had wider and more personal influence.
Possible Responses
End of Section 1
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A Global Depression
Key Idea
An economic depression begins in the United
States in 1929. It spreads throughout the world
and lasts for a decade.
Overview
Assessment
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A Global Depression
Overview
coalition government Weimar Republic
Great Depression Franklin D. Roosevelt New
Deal
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
An economic depression in the United States
spread throughout the world and lasted for a
decade.
Many social and economic programs introduced
worldwide to combat the Great Depression are
still operating.
Assessment
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A Global Depression
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Explain the effects of the Great
Depression in the United States.
Businesses failed.
Unemployment rose.
Farms were foreclosed.
Banks closed.
Savings were lost.
continued . . .
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A Global Depression
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Section
Assessment
2. The collapse of the American economy had a
devastating effect on the world. List one cause
for each of the following effects American
market for European goods dropped unemployment
rates soared European banks and businesses
closed. THINK ABOUT
economic conditions in the United States
the interdependence of the economies of the
world
ANSWER
High U.S. tariffs Drop in world trade
Demand for repayment of American loans and
withdrawal of American investment money
Possible Responses
continued . . .
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A Global Depression
2
Section
Assessment
3. What actions did the United States, Britain,
France, and the Scandinavian countries take to
try to recover from the Great Depression? Give
specific examples for each country. THINK ABOUT
Roosevelt and the New Deal
coalition governments in Britain and France
traditional community cooperative actionin
Scandinavia
ANSWER
continued . . .
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A Global Depression
2
Section
Assessment
United StatesNew Deal supported public works,
financial aid to businesses and farms, money for
welfare and relief programs regulated stock
market and banks BritainNational Government
passed tariffs increased taxes regulated
currency decreased interest rates FrancePopular
Front enacted worker reforms Scandinaviapublic
works projects raised pensions, unemployment
insurance, housing subsidies, welfare benefits
Possible Responses
End of Section 2
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Fascism Rises in Europe
GRAPH
Key Idea
In response to political turmoil and economic
crises, many countries in Europe, including Italy
and Germany, turn to Fascist dictators.
Overview
Assessment
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Fascism Rises in Europe
GRAPH
Overview
fascism Benito Mussolini Adolf Hitler
Nazism Mein Kampf lebensraum
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
In response to political turmoil and economic
crises, Italy and Germany turned to totalitarian
dictators.
These dictators changed the course of history,
and the world is still recovering from their
abuse of power.
Assessment
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Fascism Rises in Europe
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Compare Mussolini and Hitler by using
the four categories listed below.
Appointed chancellor
Appointed by king
Dictator
Dictator
Revived economy
Took control of economy
Sought to regain lost lands and take over more
Wanted Italy to return to its ancient greatness
continued . . .
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Fascism Rises in Europe
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
2. Why did a movement like fascism and leaders
like Mussolini and Hitler come to power during a
period of crisis? THINK ABOUT
what problems Italy and Germany faced
political traditions in each country
the state of the world at the time
ANSWER
During periods of crisis, people often turn to
doctrines or leaders who promise to take charge
and solve the country's problems. These doctrines
or leaders often offer simple solutions to
complex problems and blame outsiders, or
scapegoats, for the problems.
Possible Response
continued . . .
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Fascism Rises in Europe
GRAPH
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Section
Assessment
3. Refer to the History Makers features in this
section. What biases in the speeches of
Mussolini are mentioned? What techniques did he
and Hitler use to appear powerful and capable to
their listeners?
ANSWER
Mussolini talked about Italys past glory and
often used words like war and power. He and
Hitler appeared powerful by standing high above
the crowds, using dramatic body language and
forceful voices to stir up patriotic, violent
emotions in the crowd.
Possible Responses
End of Section 3
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Aggressors on the March
MAP
Key Idea
Germany, Italy, and Japan conquer other
countries. The League of Nations and the rest of
the world do nothing to stop them, and the
specter of another great war haunts Europe.
Overview
Assessment
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Aggressors on the March
MAP
Overview
appeasement Axis Powers Francisco Franco
isolationism Third Reich Munich
Conference
WHY IT MATTERS NOW
As Germany, Italy, and Japan conquered other
countries, the rest of the world did nothing to
stop them.
Many nations today take a more active and
collective role in world affairs, as in the
United Nations.
Assessment
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Aggressors on the March
MAP
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Section
Assessment
1. Look at the graphic to help organize your
thoughts. Trace the movement of Japan from
democratic reform in the 1920s to military
aggression in the 1930s by supplying the events
following the dates shown below.
Signs treaty agreeing to respect Chinas borders
Great Depression puts military in control
Allies with Germany
Signs Kellogg-Briand Pact renouncing war
Invades Manchuria
Invades China
continued . . .
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Aggressors on the March
MAP
4
Section
Assessment
2. Review Germanys aggressive actions after
Hitler defied the Versailles Treaty by rebuilding
Germanys armed forces. At what point do you
think Hitler concluded that he could take any
territory without being stopped? Why? THINK ABOUT
Hitlers goals
responses of the democracies to his statements
and actions
the role of the League of Nations
ANSWER

• After Hitler renounced Versailles Treatynothing
  happened
• After seizing RhinelandBritain urged appeasement
• After taking AustriaFrance and Britain ignored
  pledge to protect Austria
• After Munich ConferenceBritain and France let
  Germany take Sudetenland

Possible Responses
continued . . .
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Aggressors on the March
MAP
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Section
Assessment
3. After World War I, many Americans became
isolationists. Do you recommend that America
practice isolationism today? Why or why not?
THINK ABOUT
Americas role as world leader
the global economy
Americas domestic problems
the economic and political goals of other
countries
ANSWER
Yesworld leadership costs in money and respect
global economy costs in jobs and social services
cannot solve other countries problems Nopower
and prestige as a world leader need to compete
in a global economy benefits from maintaining
order
Possible Responses
End of Section 4