Major Ethnic

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Major Ethnic Religious Groups

• Pashtuns Descended from ancient Hebrews.
• Uzbek Turkish descent
• Tajiks Persian descent
• Hazara Mongol people who remained after
  the invasion of Genghis Kahn.
• Religion 99 Muslim Hazaras are Shiites
  small number of Hindus, Sikhs Jews
• Languages 85 speak Pashtu Dari (Persian
  dialect)
• Turkmen Uzbek spoken in the North

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Definitions

• Mullah
• Most common application title of religious
  leader or religious teacher.
• Fatihah
• The first chapter of the Muslim book of divine
  revelation (the Quran).
• Taliban
• Student. Former students of religious training
  institutes set up in the 1980s for Afghan
  refugees in Northern Pakistan.
• Ethnic composition Pashtun.

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Definitions Continued

• Jihad (Holy War)
• A religious duty to spread Islam by waging war.
• Fulfilled by the (1) heart, the (2) tongue, the
  (3) hand the (4) sword.
• 1. Purification of ones heart (battle w/ devil)
• 2. 3. Propagation of Islam through supporting
  right and correcting wrong (communication).
• 4. Wage war physically against enemies of Islamic
  faith.
• Modern Islam emphasizes 1. Sanctions 4 only
  when the faith is in danger.

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Russian Invasion

• The novel is set against the backdrop of the
  Russian invasion and the subsequent rise of the
  Taliban
• Soviet invasion occupation (1979-1989)
• Taliban emerges after the withdraw of Soviet
  troops collapse of Afghanistans Communist
  regime, and subsequent breakdown of civil order.

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Soviet Invasion

• (1964-73) A constitutional monarchy
• (1973-78) A military coup
• established Republic of Afghanistan.
• Strong economic military ties to Russia.
• Oppresses Islamic majority.
• 1975 Muslim group began armed insurrection
• 1975-79 Fractions w/in Afghan communist party
• 1979 Civil War breaks out
• 1979 Russia invades. Fears communist
  destabilization in Afghanistan fears
  Central Asian provinces are vulnerable to
  the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.

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Rise of the Taliban

• 1989, Soviets pull out replace Babrak Karmal w/
  Mohammad Najibullah
• Najibullah declares a state of emergency
  replaces non-communist cabinet members w/
  communists.
• In response, the U.S. Soviet governments end
  aid to the government rebels.
• 1992 rebels capture Kabul force Najibullah out.
• Mujahideen parties that fought against the
  communist set up an interim government
• Factions disagreements emerge among mujahideen
  parties.
• 1994, Taliban emerges in response to this
  situation
• Mullah Mohammad Omar is the leader, a former
  mujahideen fighter.

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Taliban Continued

• Taliban is the most conservative of Afghanistans
  fundamentalist Islamic parties.
• Northern Alliance (Uzbeks, Tajiks Hazaras)
  fought against Taliban rule.
• Taliban is harshly criticized by domestic
  international voices.
• Upon capture of Kabul the Taliban imposed rule by
  strict Islamic law.

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Women In Afghanistan

• Under the constitutional monarchys
  (1964-1973)1964 constitution women
• Voted
• Ran for office
• 1964 constitution provided for free compulsory
  education at all levels for males and females.

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Women under Taliban Rule

• Read list

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One Year After Taliban Overthrow

• Girls School Ruins of Kabul