Doping in Sports

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Doping in Sports
Doping in Sports

• Ryan Jackson

By Ryan Jackson
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What is Doping?

• In sports, the use of performance-enhancing drugs
  is commonly referred to by the term "doping
• The use of performance enhancing drugs is mostly
  done to improve athletic performance.
• The use of illegal or banned substances in the
  attempt to get a high competitive edge.

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Doping in Sports Timeline

• 1954 As the U.S.S.R. begins to dominate the sport
  of powerlifting, a Soviet team doctor allegedly
  reveals his team's use of testosterone injections
  to U.S. weightlifting doctor John Ziegler
  Ziegler begins work on creating a refined
  synthesis technique that would produce a compound
  with the muscle-building benefits of testosterone
  without androgenic side effects, such as prostate
  enlargement.
• 1958 Ziegler's anabolic steroid --
  methandrostenolone -- is released by Ciba
  Pharmaceuticals under the name Dianabol.
• 1960Sports Illustrated publishes Our Drug-Happy
  Athletes by George Walsh, exposing the use of
  amphetamines ("pep pills"), tranquilizers,
  cocaine and other drugs in elite sports.
• 1969Sports Illustrated produces a three-part
  investigation about performance-enhancing drugs
  in sports. Sources predict that the use of such
  drugs will eventually explode into an epidemic.
  (Says former Los Angeles Dodgers team doctor
  Robert Kerlan, "The excessive and secretive use
  of drugs is likely to become a major athletic
  scandal, one that will shake public confidence in
  many sports just as the gambling scandal
  tarnished the reputation of basketball.")
• 1973 East German women take home 10 of the 14
  gold medals at the inaugural swimming world
  championships in Belgrade.
• 1975 The International Olympic Committee adds
  anabolic steroids to its list of banned
  substances.
• 1976 East German women swimmers win 11 of the 13
  individual gold medals, setting eight world
  records, at the Montreal Olympics, the first to
  have drug testing.
• 1983 The governing body of the Pan Am Games in
  Caracas strips Chicago weightlifter Jeff Michels
  of three gold medals, and three other Latin
  American weightlifters of theirs, when they test
  positive for anabolic steroids. Thirteen other
  members of the U.S. track and field team then
  withdraw from the Games. Twenty-three medals,
  including 11 gold, are taken away.

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Timeline cont.

• 1988 The high-profile rivalry between sprinters
  Carl Lewis and Ben Johnson comes to a head when
  Johnson posts a record-smashing time of 9.79
  seconds in the 100 meters at the Seoul Olympics,
  shaving .14 of a second off the previous record.
  Johnson's time is deleted from record books and
  his gold medal stripped after the anabolic
  steroid Stanozol is detected in his urine sample.
• 1991 Twenty former East German coaches admit to
  administering anabolic steroids to some of their
  swimmers.
• 1992 NFL defensive end Lyle Alzado dies of brain
  cancer on May 14. The 43-year-old two-time
  All-Pro believed his disease was the result of
  more than two decades of steroid and HGH use
  (which, at its peak, cost him as much as 30,000
  a year). Scientific research has yet to
  demonstrate a link between steroids or HGH and
  brain cancer.
• 1998 Suspicions surrounding Michelle Smith's
  quick rise to athletic stardom are further fueled
  when the Irish swimmer, who won three gold and a
  bronze medal at the 1996 Atlanta Olympics, misses
  several drug tests. Smith, whose ascent in the
  sport came only after she began training with her
  husband, a discus thrower who is himself on
  probation for failing a drug test, later tries to
  dilute with whiskey her sample for a surprise
  drug test at her home. She is suspended for four
  years.
• 1998 Competition takes a backseat to scandal at
  the Tour de France when the Festina team is
  ejected from competition following team director
  Bruno Roussel's admission that he oversaw the
  provision of his team with performance-enhancing
  drugs. A stash of such substances, including
  erythropoietin (EPO), a substance that increases
  the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood, is
  discovered in a search of the team masseur's car.
  Another six of the 21 teams voluntarily drop out
  of the Tour, citing unfair police tactics and
  mistreatment of participants. Over three weeks
  the initial field of 189 cyclists is reduced to
  fewer than 100. Richard Virenque, a Festina rider
  who confessed to using banned substances, is
  suspended from international competition for nine
  months.
• 2002Ken Caminiti, who retired from baseball after
  the 2001 season, admits in the June 3 issue of
  Sports Illustrated that he was using steroids
  when he won the 1996 National League MVP award,
  adding, "I've made a ton of mistakes. I don't
  think using steroids is one of them." He
  estimates that at least half of his fellow big
  leaguers are regular juicers.
• 2003 A person identifying himself only as a
  "high-profile" track coach fingers the Bay Area
  Laboratory Co-Operative (BALCO) and its founder,
  Victor Conte, as the maker and distributor of an
  undetectable steroid being used by several
  athletes. More than 30 elite athletes are
  ultimately subpoenaed to testify before a grand
  jury in San Francisco. Among those called to the
  stand are Olympic track and field champion Marion
  Jones and major leaguers Barry Bonds, Jason
  Giambi and Gary Sheffield.

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Timeline cont.

• 2004 Caminiti dies of a heart attack at 41 on
  Oct. 10.
• 2005Jose Canseco's tell-all book, Juiced Wild
  Times, Rampant 'Roids, Smash Hits, How Baseball
  Got Big, is released early due to a massive wave
  of publicity. In it, the retired outfielder
  speaks of his own rampant steroid use starting at
  age 20 and of alleged use by home run kings Mark
  McGwire and Sammy Sosa.
• 2005 Former NFL linebacker Bill Romanowski admits
  to using steroids obtained through Conte.
• 2006Game of Shadows by Lance Williams and Mark
  Fainaru-Wada is published in March. The book
  chronicles the BALCO investigation, pointing a
  finger at Bonds even as he chases Hank Aaron's
  career home run record. (Bonds denies ever
  knowingly using steroids or other illegal
  performance enhancers.)
• 2006 Former East German athletes are awarded
  monetary compensation in December for health
  problems resulting from the doping experiments of
  the 1970s and '80s. Each of the 167 former
  athletes receives 12,210 and agrees to halt
  legal action. The money comes from the German
  Olympic Sports Union, the German federal
  government and Jenapharm, the pharmaceuticals
  company that produced many of the drugs.
• 2007 Pro wrestler Chris Benoit his wife, Nancy
  and their seven-year-old son, Daniel, are found
  dead in their Fayetteville, Ga., home on June 25.
  Police rule the case a murder-suicide. Tests show
  10 times the normal amount of testosterone in
  Benoit's body.
• 2006 On July 23 Floyd Landis wins the Tour de
  France. Landis moves up eight places in the final
  three days of the race, prompting Tour director
  Jean-Marie Leblanc to deem it "the best
  performance in the modern history of the Tour."
• 2007 Bonds breaks Aaron's mark on Aug. 7 when he
  hits his 756th homer. At a postgame press
  conference Bonds says, "This record is not
  tainted at all. At all. Period."
• 2007 On Dec. 12 the International Olympic
  Committee strips Jones of the five medals (three
  gold, two bronze) she won in Sydney. In October,
  Jones had admitted using BALCO's designer steroid
  "the Clear" from 2001 to '02.
• 2007 The Mitchell Report on steroid use in
  baseball is released on Dec. 13. Drawing the most
  attention are allegations that Roger Clemens and
  Andy Pettitte used performance-enhancing drugs.
• 2008 Clemens and his former personal trainer
  Brian McNamee testify before the House Committee
  on Oversight and Government Reform. McNamee says
  he injected HGH and testosterone into Clemens on
  numerous occasions and Clemens denies it. The
  Justice Department begins an investigation into
  whether the seven-time Cy Young Award winner lied
  under oath.

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Mitchell Report

• The 409-page report was released on December 13,
  2007.
• The report describes motivations for its
  preparation, including health effects of
  steroids, legal issues, fair play, and reports
  that baseball players acted as role models for
  child athletes. For example, after news coverage
  in August 1998 that Mark McGwire had used the
  then-legal androstenedione, a steroid precursor,
  sales of the supplement increased over 1000, and
  the National Institute on Drug Abuse reported
  that 8 of male high school seniors had used
  androstenedione in 2001.
• Mitchell reported that during the random testing
  in 2003, 5 to 7 percent of players tested
  positive for steroid use. Players on the
  forty-man roster of major league teams were
  exempt from testing until 2004.

George Mitchell
89 players including top stars Barry Bonds,
Jason Giambi, Gary Sheffield, Larry Bigbie,
Rodger Clemens, Andy Pettite, and Eric Gagne
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BALCO Investigation

• In a federal investigator's memorandum, 27
  athletes allegedly received THG from Bay Area
  Laboratory Co-Operative.
• BASEBALL
• Barry Bonds, Giants
• Gary Sheffield, Yankees
• Jason Giambi, Yankees
• Jeremy Giambi, former A's player
• Armando Rios, former Giants player
• FOOTBALL
• Bill Romanowski, former Raiders linebacker
• Dana Stubblefield, Raiders lineman
• Josh Taves, Former Raiders defensive lineman
• Barret Robbins, Raiders center
• Chris Cooper, Raiders defensive lineman
• Johnnie Morton, Chiefs receiver
• Daryl Gardener, Broncos defensive end
• TRACK AND FIELD

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Effects of Steroids
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Latest News Report

• In recent steroid news, New York Yankees third
  baseman Alex Rodriquez has come out and admitted
  to using performance enhancing drugs, he claims
  that a cousin of his injected him with enhancers
  from the Dominican Republic. A-Rod who has been
  awarded American League MVP three times since he
  allegedly started taking steroids came out and
  admitted his mistake on Tuesday February 17, 2009
  calling it a stupid mistake and is blaming his
  actions on being young and stupid. Like Barry
  Bonds there will always be that question on how
  he got to the level he is at now.

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Steroids In Sports

• YouTube - Steroids and Sports