Southwestern coast of Croatia

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Southwestern coast of Croatia Jayne Munger
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Legends Golf Safari Resort Xtreme 19th
Hole Joe Tagliente
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SOIL STRUCTURE
Surface of soil experiences greatest
weathering. Exposed to weathering
environment. Weathering zones develop below the
surface as water leaches (dissolves) substances
from upper layers and are then transported
downwards. Typically deposited or precipitated in
lower soil layers. Upper parts lose materials
while lower parts gain. Each distinct weathering
zone represents a SOIL HORIZON. The vertical
succession of SOIL HORIZONS is called a SOIL
PROFILE.
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SOIL STRUCTURE
Temperate Zone Soil Profile
Generally 5 soil horizons
O
A
E
B
C
Parent Material
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SOIL STRUCTURE
O HORIZON
O Horizon is the organic horizon. Consists of
organic matter. Contains abundant life. Adds CO2
and organic acids to soil.
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SOIL STRUCTURE
A HORIZON
A HORIZON is composed of organic matter mixed
with HUMUS. HUMUS is a dark-colored, carbon-ric
h material made of decomposed organics from O
Horizon. Thickness depends on amount of organic
matter in soil. Tropical regions have thicker A
horizons.
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SOIL STRUCTURE
E HORIZON
E HORIZON is a light-colored zone below the A
horizon. E stands for ELUVIATION, a process by
which water removes material from soil. Little
or no organic matter. Iron and aluminum
compounds are removed. Water transports them
downward to lower horizons.
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SOIL STRUCTURE
B HORIZON
B HORIZON is the zone of ILLUVIATION. B HORIZON
is the zone where most transported materials
accumulate.
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SOIL STRUCTURE
CALICHE
CALICHE occurs in or near the B horizon in arid
to semi-arid regions. Represents the depth to
which rainfall penetrates. Brings CaCO3
downward. When water evaporates, CaCO3 is
deposited.
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SOIL STRUCTURE
C HORIZON
C HORIZON is the lowest zone of significant
weathering. Composed of partially
weathered parent material. May have evidence of
oxidation from O2-rich ground- water. Very thin
where there is little chemical weathering
(deserts). Up to 100m in warm, wet tropical
climates.
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SOIL STRUCTURE
PARENT MATERIAL
Below the C horizon is unaltered parent
material from which the overlying
REGOLITH and SOIL have been derived.
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PALEOSOLS
PALEOSOLS are buried soils that predate
modern soil development. They presumably formed
under conditions different than
today. Paleosols can be used to interpret ancient
climates.
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SEDIMENT
Rock fragments that settle down and
accumulate, typically in layers, after being
transported by water, wind, ice, or
precipitating out of solution in
water. SEDIMENT is the product of weathering and
erosion. SEDIMENT is converted to SEDIMENTARY
ROCK.
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SEDIMENTARY ROCK
Makes up only the top thin layer of the Earths
crust. By volume, sedimentary rocks are only 5
of the Earths outer 15 km. Sedimentary rocks
constitute 75 of the rocks EXPOSED at the
Earths land surface. Sedimentary rocks are the
principal source of Coal, oil and natural
gas Iron and aluminum ore Building
material Underground freshwater Provide a record
of past geologic environments and life.
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ORIGINS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Mechanical weathering degrades rock into
smaller fragments. Chemical weathering degrades
unstable rocks and minerals into stable
byproducts via chemical reactions. Study of
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS considers what happens to
these newly created particles.
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ORIGINS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Sediments are classified according to the source
of the particles. Clastic or Detrital sediment
is composed of transported solid
particles. Chemical sediment occurs when
dissolved minerals are precipitated from
solution. Organic sediments are fragments of
skeletal material. Organisms extract minerals
from seawater for skeletons.