The Beginnings of Islamic Civilization

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• The Beginnings of Islamic Civilization
• ?????????????

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Review

• Seleucid Empire ????? (323 BC 63 AD, decline
  after 100 BC)
• Parthia ??? 248 BC - 224 AD
• Sassanid (or Sassanian) Empire ????226-651
• The Levant ??? and Israel ???
• Semitic Peoples????
• Philistines???? or ????(ca 1150 750 BC)
• ????Roman Occupation
• Revolts 66-70 AD 115-117 132-135
• ????Roman Occupation
• Revolts 66-70 AD 115-117 132-135
  (????Palestine -?? ? Philistine)
• ?????? Jewish Diaspora

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?? - ?????
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????????????????

• ?????
• ??????????
• ????????

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?????????????????

• ???Nomads pastoralist, ?? traders (frankincense
  ???myrrh ?? )

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???? Pastoral nomads
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• ?? traders
• (frankincense ???
• myrrh ?? )

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• Incense trade ????

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• Frankincense ???Myrrh ??

http//unitproj1.library.ucla.edu/biomed/spice/ima
ges/historical_MYRRH.jpg
http//www.travelwithachallenge.com/Images/Travel_
Article_Library/Oman/Salalah/Frankincense-Tree-Sal
alah.jpg
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• ????? Nomadic tribes

???? Murruwah (????),???? oral culture
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?????? tribal government inside, ???? empires
beyond
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????????
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???? Sabaean Kingdom 8th c BC 275 AD
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Temple of the Sun, 7th c BC, Marib
Moon god and five other gods, 8th c BC (Louvre)

• ???? Sabaean Kingdom 8th c BC 275 AD

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• Sabaen bronze, ca. 500 BC
• Magrib dam ca. 500 BC
• City, ca. 400 BC

http//www.nabataea.net/Yemen28.jpg
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ImageBronzeManNashqu
m.jpg
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Tarim ?,?? (Yemen)
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• ????? (???) ?Nabataeans
• (??? ?-325 AD)

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???? Axum (???? Ethiopia) 300 BC -800 AD
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???? Sassanid Empire 226-651
http//ecai.org/sasanianweb/maps/sasanianempire570
.htm
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????
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????? multi-religious culture

• ???Polytheism,???? multi-religious culture
• Jews ?????Alexandria, ??Cairo, ????Damascus
• Christians

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• ??? ca. 400-600 AD

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• ??? 600 AD

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• ??
• ????????
• ???????
• ?????
• ??

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???? Muhammad (Mohammed) (570-632)

• ????? Quraysh tribe,????? Hashimites???? Umayyads
• ??,??? prophet (???)

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• ????????

http//www.alhamdulillah.net/modules.php?nameQura
n
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• Passages from the Quran (Koran???)Note We
  Our He God Allah
• Selection from Chapter 21, The Spider
• In the name of God, the Merciful, the
  Compassionate
• 2. Do people think that they will be left alone
  because they say We believe and that they
  will not be tested?
• 3. We have tested those who were before us. Most
  certainly God knows those who speak truthfully
  and he knows the liars.
• 5. Whoever hopes to meet God will find that Gods
  time is coming He is the all hearing and
  all-knowing.
• 14. Indeed We sent Noah?? to his people and he
  stayed among them for a thousand years less
  fifty, and then the flood seized those people
  since they were evil-doers.
• 15. But We saved Noah and those in the ark. We
  made this a sign for all beings.
• 41. Those who take protectors other than God are
  like the spider, who has nothing but his own body
  for a house indeed, the frailest of houses is
  that of the spider if they only knew.
• 44. God created the heavens and the earth with
  the truth. Indeed that is a sign for believers.
• 45. Recite what has been revealed to you if the
  gook and perform prayers. Prayer forbids
  indecency and dishonor. But remembering God is
  even greater than these. God knows what you do.

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• 57. Every soul shall taste death then to Us you
  shall return.
• 58. Those who believe and do good works, We shall
  give them the great rooms of Paradise?? and they
  shall live there. Excellent is the reward of
  those who act, those who are patient and put
  their trust in their God.
• 61. If you ask those believers Who created the
  heavens and the earth and controlled the sun and
  the moon? they will certainly say, God so how
  could they be turned away from Paradise?
• 69. Those who strive with Us, We shall most
  certainly guide them in Our ways, Indeed, God is
  with those who do good.
• Selection from Chapter 5, The Table
• 3. You are forbidden to eat carrion, blood, pork,
  offerings to other than Allah, .But if anyone is
  forced by hunger to eat these, surely God is
  all-forgiving and compassionate.
• 5. Today the good things that are permitted are
  the food of those who were given the book (Jews).
  Also permitted are pure believing women and women
  of the book if you give them their dowries, keep
  them pure in marriage and do not take them as
  secret lovers.
• 6. When you rise in the morning for prayer, wash
  your faces and your hands up to the elbows, and
  also wipe your heads and your feet up to the
  ankles. If you are sick or on a journey where
  there is no water then use pure dust to wipe
  your faces and hands. God does not want to make
  things difficult for you, but rather to purify
  you
• 7. Remember Gods favor to you and the agreement
  He made with you when you said I hear You and I
  obey. Fear God - for surely God knows what is in
  your heart.
• Edited from Textual Sources for the Study of
  Islam. Andrew Rippen and Jan Knappert. University
  of Chicago Press, 1986.

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• ????????
• ?????? Ali and Fatima
• ?????? Abu Bakr (573-634)
• ??? (580-644)
• ??? 622 AD Hijrah (Hegira)
• ???Medina???ummah

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• ????????????? (628)
• ?????? (632)
• ?????? Establishment of the caliphs
• ?????? Abu Bakr (??632-634)

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• ?????? Abu Bakr (??632-634)

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• ??? Umar (Omar) (??634-644), ???assassinated

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• ??? Uthman (??644-656) ???Umayyad,???assassinated
  ,??? Sunni

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• ??Ali (??656-661) ????? Hashimite,
  ???assassinated
• ??? Shii