Databases: - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

About This Presentation
Title:

Databases:

Description:

Levels of Abstraction. ?? ??? (View) ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ... Why Is It Difficult to Design a Database Schema? 41. ?????? ????? ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

Number of Views:17
Avg rating:3.0/5.0
Slides: 56
Provided by: yehoshu
Category:

less

Transcript and Presenter's Notes

Title: Databases:


1
???? ???????????
  • Databases
  • An Introduction

2
??? ??? ???????
  • ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
    ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????????
  • Database Management System (DBMS)
  • ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????
    ????? ??????
  • ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????

3
??? ????????
  • ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ??????
    ????????
  • ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????
    ??????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????
    ????? ??????? ?? ??????
  • ?? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?-PC ????
    ?????????? ?? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ??????
    (spreadsheets)

4
???????
  • ?.?.?., ????? ????? ?????? ???????, ????? ????
    ??????? ???????
  • ??????? ??????? ??? (????? ?????, ????? ???') ???
    ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ????
    ????? ?????? ????? ?????, ????? ?????? ?.?.?.
    ?????? ????? ??????

5
??? ?? ?????
  • ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? (????? ????? ???????)
    ??? ???? ??????, ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????
  • ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????
    ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ?.?.?.
    (?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?"?
    ??????)

6
??? DBMS?????? ?????? ???? ??????
  • ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? (??????
    ?????????), ???????
  • ?????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????
  • ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???????
  • ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?"? ??? ???????
  • ??? ??, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????

7
??? DBMS? (????)???? ?????? ???????
  • ???? ?????? ??-????? (??????)
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?"? ???? ????? ????? ????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????
  • ????? ?? ????? ??????? (data integrity)
  • ?? ????? ???? ???? ?"? ??? ????? ?????
  • ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????
  • ??? ?????? ??? ?????
  • ????? ?? ?????? ??????? (security) ?"? ??? ??????
    ??????? (authorization)

8
???? ???????
  • ???? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ????
    ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? (???,
    ???????? ?? ???????)
  • ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????
  • ???? ????? ?? ???? ???????
  • ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? (????? ????????
    ?? Relational Model)

9
???? ?????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ???????
  • ???? ???????
  • ????? ??????? ?? ?????
  • ????????
  • ????, ??? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
    ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????

10
???? ?????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? (???, ??????
    ???????) ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? ??????
  • ??????? ?????? ????????, ?????, ??????, ?????
    ???'
  • ?????? ????? ????? ????, ????? ???'
  • ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???
  • ?? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ???

11
???? ?????Levels of Abstraction
  • ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ?????
  • ???? ????? (Physical Schema)
  • ???? ?????? (Conceptual Schema)
  • ???? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???????
  • ????? (Views)
  • ??? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????
    ?????? ???? ????????? ???????

12
Levels of Abstraction
  • ?? ??? (View) ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????
    ?? ???????
  • ?????, ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????
    ????? ???????

View 1
View 2
View 3
Conceptual Schema
Physical Schema
  • .

13
???? ??? ???? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???
    ??????, ??????
  • Data Definition Language (DDL)
  • ?????? ??????? ?- SQL
  • ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ??????
    ?? ?? ??? ???? ???????

14
???? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?
  • ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???????
    (Data Independence)
  • ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? ???
    ?? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? (????? ??????
    ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?????)
  • ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????

15
?????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????
  • ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????
  • ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  • ?????? ???? ?????? ("?????") ??-?????
  • ????? ????????? (backup recovery)
  • ????? ??????? (data integrity)
  • ????? ???? (data security) ???????
    (authorization)
  • ??? ?????? ?? ?????? (views) ?????? ???? ??????

16
???? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????
  • An Introduction to Schema Design
  • The Entity-Relationship Model

17
??? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???????
  • ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ??????
  • ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? (???, ??????
    ???????????) ?? ?????? ??? ???????
  • ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ??????? (classes)
    ??? ?????? ??????, ???
  • ISA Hierarchy (Inheritance Hierarchy)
  • Aggregation (or Composition) Hierarchy

18
???? ???? ?????
  • ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???
  • ????? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????
    ?????? ????
  • ????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ??????????? (???, ????
    ???????) ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????, ????
  • ?- type ?? ?? ????????
  • ?? ???? (????? ?? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????
    ??????????)
  • ???? ...

19
????? ??? ?? ????? ?????
  • S
    R
  • T

course sid tid
os 202 20
calculus 450 10
db 202 20
db 240 20
year sname sid
3 white 240
3 jones 202
1 adams 450
dept tname tid
math cohen 10
cs levy 20
????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
?????? tid,sid,course sid,sname,year tid,tna
me,dept
20
????? ??? ?????
  • ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???????, ????? ??? ?????
    (?? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????)
  • ????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ?? ?????
    ?????????? (methods)
  • ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?????

21
????? ?????? ????? (??? ?? ?????) ????? ????
?????? ?????? ????? ?????
  • ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????
    ?????? ?????
  • ??????, "????? ????????????" ????
  • ????????
  • ?????
  • ??????
  • ???? ?????
  • ????? ????
  • ?????? ????
  • ????...

22
???? ????? ???????Entity-Relationship Model
  • ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????
    ?????, ?????? ????? ???? ???????
  • ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????
    ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????
  • ???? ????????
  • ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????

23
?????
  • ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????, ????? UML
    (Universal Modeling Language)
  • ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ????
    ?????
  • ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ???????
  • ????? ?????? ??"? ????? ?????
  • ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? (?? ??
    ????? ????)

24
??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????
  • ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????
  • ????? ???????
  • - ???????? - ??????
  • - ????? - ???? ?????
  • ????? ??????
  • - ??? ??? ?????? ?????????
  • - ??? ??? ?????? ??????
  • - ??? ??? ?????? ????? ?????

25
???? ?????? ??????Entity and Entity Set
  • ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????
  • ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????
  • ??, ?????, ????? ????, ?? ???, ???? ???? ???'
  • ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
    ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????
  • ?????? ????? ?"? ??, ????? ???? ??? ???
  • ???? ????? ?????? ?"? ??' ???? (?? ??' ??????)
  • ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???
  • ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????????

26
???? ?????? ??????Entity and Entity Set
??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ????
?????
  • ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????
  • ??????, ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????
  • ??, ?????, ????? ????, ?? ???, ???? ???? ???'
  • ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????
    ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ??????
  • ?????? ????? ?"? ??, ????? ???? ??? ???
  • ???? ????? ?????? ?"? ??' ???? (?? ??' ??????)
  • ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???
  • ??????, ????? ??????? ?? ?????????

27
????? ?????? ?"? ??????
  • ???? ????? ???? ?"? ?????, ??????
  • ???? ??????
  • ?? "???? ???"
  • ????? "????? ???? 107 ???????"
  • ????? ???? "7.8.78"
  • ?? ??? "????"
  • ???? ???? "1673040"
  • ????? (???? ???, ????? ???? 107 ???????, 7.8.78,
    ????, 1673040)

28
????? ?????? ?"? ??????
????? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???
  • ???? ????? ???? ?"? ?????, ??????
  • ???? ??????
  • ?? "???? ???"
  • ????? "????? ???? 107 ???????"
  • ????? ???? "7.8.78"
  • ?? ??? "????"
  • ???? ???? "1673040"
  • ????? (???? ???, ????? ???? 107 ???????, 7.8.78,
    ????, 1673040)

29
???? (Key) ?? ????
  • ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????
    ????? ???? (Key)
  • ??????, ??' ?????? ??? ???? ?? ??????
  • ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????, ??? ?? ?? ???? ????
    ????, ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? (???????
    ?????) ?? ???? ??

30
??? ?????? ?????Relationship Relationship Set
  • ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???, ??????
  • ??????? "??? ???" ???? ?? ????? "?????? ?????"
    ????? ????? "????? ???"
  • ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ????????
  • ??????? "??? ???" ???? ?? ????? "?????? ?????"
  • ????? "????? ???" ???? ?? ????? "?????? ?????"
  • ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???

31
??? ?????? ?????Relationship Relationship Set
?? ????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????
??? ?? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????
???????
  • ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ???, ??????
  • ??????? "??? ???" ???? ?? ????? "?????? ?????"
    ????? ????? "????? ???"
  • ??? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ??????
  • ????? ?????? ????????
  • ??????? "??? ???" ???? ?? ????? "?????? ?????"
  • ????? "????? ???" ???? ?? ????? "?????? ?????"
  • ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???

32
????? ????? ?"? ??????
  • ???? ????? ??? ?"? ?????, ??????
  • ???? ??????? "??? ???" ???? ?? ????? "??????
    ?????" ????? ????? "????? ???"
  • ?????? (??? ???, ?????? ?????, ????? ???)
  • ???? ??????? "??? ???" ???? ?? ????? "??????
    ?????"
  • ?????? (??? ???, ?????? ?????)
  • ???? ????? "????? ???" ???? ?? ????? "??????
    ?????"
  • ?????? (????? ???, ?????? ?????)

33
????? ????? ?"? ??????
????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???
  • ???? ????? ??? ?"? ?????, ??????
  • ???? ??????? "??? ???" ???? ?? ????? "??????
    ?????" ????? ????? "????? ???"
  • ?????? (??? ???, ?????? ?????, ????? ???)
  • ???? ??????? "??? ???" ???? ?? ????? "??????
    ?????"
  • ?????? (??? ???, ?????? ?????)
  • ???? ????? "????? ???" ???? ?? ????? "??????
    ?????"
  • ?????? (????? ???, ?????? ?????)

34
???? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????
  • ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ?????
    ????? ?"? ??? ?????
  • ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????

35
???? ???? ?????
  • ????? ?? ???? ????? ????????
  • ????? ?? ??? ????? ????????
  • ?? ??? ????? ????? ????? (Attribute) ???? ???
    ?????? ??? ?????? ?????, ??? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???

36
??? ?- ISA
  • ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ?-
    ISA (is a)
  • ??? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ??????
    (Inheritance Hierarchy) ?????? ??? ?????? ??
    ??????, ??????
  • ????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????
  • ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????
  • ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ???
  • ????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????

37
????? ????? ??? ?????
  • ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ???
    ????? ????? ?? ??? ?- ISA
  • ????? ?????? ?????? ??????

38
??????
  • ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????
    ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????
  • ??? ????? ??? ??? ?- ISA
  • ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????
    ?????, ?????
  • ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ?"? ????? ????
    ????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????,
    ?????? ?????? ????? ?????

39
????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????
  • ???? ????
  • ???? ?????? ?? ????
  • ???? ?????
  • ???? ?????
  • ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
  • ???? ...

40
???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ????
  • Why Is It Difficult to Design a Database Schema?

41
?????? ?????
  • ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????
  • ????? ?? ?????
  • ?????
  • ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? (??????)
  • ???????
  • ????? ????? (???? NULL)
  • ???? ????? ?? ?????????? (?- methods)

42
???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????
  • ????? ???? ????? ????? ?????, ?????? ???? ????
    ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ?????
    ??????? ?? ??????
  • ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? (???? ?"?
    ?????? ??????)
  • ????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????
    ???? ?????? ???????
  • ??????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????

43
???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????
??? ???????
  • ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? (?????
    ????? ??????) ??? ????
  • ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???
  • ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????
  • ??????????
  • ??? ???

44
?? ???? ??????
  • ???? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????
    ??????
  • ?????? ???? ????? ??
  • ??????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ???????
  • ??????? ?? ?????
  • ??????, ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????
    ?????????
  • ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ??

45
????? ?? ?????
  • ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? (toy examples) ????
    ????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???
  • ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? (?? ?? ????)
    ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????
    ?????? ??? ???
  • ?????? ????? ?????? ???? "?????" ?? ????? ???????
    ????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????

46
?????
  • ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ISA
    (inheritance), ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????
  • ????? ?? ?????????
  • ????? ????????? ????? ?????
  • ????? ????????? ????? ???
  • ????? ????????? ????? ?????
  • ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? (?? ?????
    ??? ?' ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???
    ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????)
  • ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? (?? ?????
    ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ???
    ???? ?????)
  • ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????

47
?????
?? ???? ?????? ????? (multiple inheritance)
  • ??? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???? ISA
    (inheritance), ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????
  • ????? ?? ?????????
  • ????? ????????? ????? ?????
  • ????? ????????? ????? ???
  • ????? ????????? ????? ?????
  • ????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? (?? ?????
    ??? ?' ???? ????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???
    ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????)
  • ????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? (?? ?????
    ????? ??? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ???? ???? ???
    ???? ?????)
  • ????? ????????? ??????? ???????????

???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?????, ?? ??
?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????
48
???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? (??????)
??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????
  • ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
  • ??' ????, ?? ????, ??????, ??? ?? ????? ??????
    ????? ??????? ???????? ????, ??' ??????
    ???? ??????? ???
  • ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  • ??????(??) ??? ???? ?????, ?????, ????? ????????
    (?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????
    ??????? ????)
  • ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ISA?

???? ???? ????? ????
???? ?????? ???? ????
49
???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? (??????)
?? ????? ??? ????? ???????, ????? ???? ???????
???? ????? ????
  • ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
  • ??' ????, ?? ????, ??????, ??? ?? ????? ??????
    ????? ??????? ???????? ????, ??' ??????
    ???? ??????? ???
  • ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  • ??????(??) ??? ???? ?????, ?????, ????? ????????
    (?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????
    ??????? ????)
  • ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ISA?

50
???? ????? ????? ???? ?????????? (??????)
???? ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????. ????? ???? ???
?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???
  • ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????
  • ??' ????, ?? ????, ??????, ??? ?? ????? ??????
    ????? ??????? ???????? ????, ??' ??????
    ???? ??????? ???
  • ?????, ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????
  • ??????(??) ??? ???? ?????, ?????, ????? ????????
    (?? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????
    ??????? ????)
  • ??? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ISA?

51
???????
  • ????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??????
    ????????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???????
  • ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????
  • ??? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??? ?????
  • ????? ???????? ??? ???"? ??? ???? ?????? ???????
    ???????
  • ??? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????
    ?????? ???? ?? ??????

52
????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? (???? NULL)
  • ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ????? NULL?
  • ?? ???? ?? ?????? ???
  • ???? ????? ?? ?????? ????? NULL
  • ?? ?????? (???? ????????? ?? ???????) ????? ?????
    ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? NULL
  • ???? NULL ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????
    ???????
  • ???? ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ???
    ?????????? ????

53
?????
  • ??? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? CS ???? ????? ??
    ?????
  • DEPT CS
  • ??? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ?? CS ?? ??? ?????? ???
    ?- CS ???? ????? ?? ?????
  • DEPT CS OR DEPT IS NULL
  • ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ????
    ??????
  • Mode ????? ?? ??????? ???????
  • Mode ????? ?? ??????? ????????

54
???? ????? ?? ?????????? (?- methods)
  • ???? ???? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ?? ??????,
    ???????? ???'
  • ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?- CS?
  • ?? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???????, ?? ???
    ???????? ???? ????? ???? method ????? ??? ??????
    ???? ?????
  • ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???
  • ??????, ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???? ????
    ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ?- CS

55
????? ??????
  • ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ???? ??????
    ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ??????
  • ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?- CS?
  • ?? ??, ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????
    ?????????
  • ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ?????
Write a Comment
User Comments (0)
About PowerShow.com