Socio-Economic Empowerment through IT Education

1
Socio-Economic Empowerment through IT Education

• K. Narayanan
• Associate Professor, Department of Humanities
  Social Sciences,
• IIT Bombay
• E-mail knn_at_hss.iitb.ac.in

2
Presentation

• IT Education
• Public Support to IT Education
• Developed and Developing Countries
• Indian Experience
• Role of State, Business Houses NGOs
• IT Education and Socio-Economic Development

3
Role of Formal Education

• Formal Education is necessary but not sufficient
  for efficiently using technologies.
• Technology specific skills and learning are as
  much important as formal education is.
• Increasing the skill content of the potential
  workforce opens up a wide range of opportunities.

4
IT Education

• Better capabilities, especially in
  micro-electronic applications and use of
  information technology, for job-seeking brings
  about a change in the socio-economic structure of
  the society.
• The focus is more on the socially and
  economically underprivileged in developing
  countries.

5
Whose Responsibility is it?

• Can the skill formation be the responsibility of
  the govt. alone?
• Role of Market?
• Developed countries appear to worry about it more
  than the developing countries.

6
Reasons for Market Failure

• (a) information gaps and uncertainty where the
  individuals may not know of the future value of
  investments in education and training or of
  particular skills, and they may not know what
  skills are needed in future
• (b) even if the individuals can forecast the
  probability of getting returns on skill
  investments, they may prefer more certain
  short-term returns to available jobs
• (c) individuals may not be able to finance their
  learning costs and foregone earning, especially
  with their inability to afford two square meals a
  day and
• (d) high costs of educational services provided,
  especially in the case of private institutions
  and
• (e) danger of bureaucratic and rigid management
  especially in a publicly funded training
  institution.

7
Consensus

• There is a broad consensus of appreciation on the
  role of Non-Governmental Organizations, Private
  Charitable Trusts and Educational Investment of
  Business Houses in fostering the growth of supply
  in computer educated and qualified personnel.

8
Objectives

• (1) takes up the case of subsidized computer
  education programme of a particular Trust
  Organization, and aims to analyse the socio
  economic impact of such subsidized computer
  education programme, especially among the
  socially and economically under-privileged.
• (2) analysis carried out on the basis of
  information given in the enrolment form available
  with the training centres as well as the response
  of the beneficiaries.
• (3) compares the socio economic impact of this
  programme in select centres in two States of
  India namely Maharastra and Rajasthan

9
Three Major Studies

• ILO (1998) observed that the demand for
  professionals and technicians has increased in
  all countries, as their analytical, cognitive and
  behavioural skills equip them better to adapt to
  more sophisticated technology.
• Tomlinson (1999) shows how these skills are
  enabling skilled workers in the UK to move into
  knowledge-intensive sectors more readily than
  worker without such skills.
• Skilled and experienced individuals can provide
  an economy with greater technological
  capabilities for fostering growth in output and
  social welfare Bhalla, 1996.

10
Methodology

• Several questions pertaining to the
  socio-economic profile of the beneficiary
  households, the educational and vocational
  backgrounds, assessments of the training and
  infrastructure facilities available at the
  respective centres, course content and overall
  rating of the training received are recorded with
  the help of a questionnaire designed for the
  beneficiary level information acquisition.

11
Methodology..cont..

• To establish the socio-economic context that the
  beneficiaries of the computer training courses
  being taught by the Sterlite foundation, several
  items of household level information are
  incorporate within the questionnaire for
  beneficiary feedback including household size,
  head of household education and occupation,
  household income, residence locality and housing
  status, consumer durables ownership television,
  refrigerator, two wheeler, car, personal
  computer, and telephone connection.
• A total of 264 beneficiaries have been
  incorporated as the respondents of the data
  acquisition exercise after having scrutinised and
  weeding out of incomplete and mutual
  inconsistencies.

12
Socio-economic impact

• The specific socio-economic impact of such
  computer training is viewed in terms of
• a) The increased skill set available to the
  beneficiary and
• b) Gainful employment and educational
  opportunities resulting from the training.

13
Other attributes

• Perceptions of the benefit acquired by the
  beneficiaries is contrasted with the personal
  attributes such as educational attainment,
  communication skill and Socio-Economic status in
  order to analyse the observed variability within
  the socio-economic attributes as also the
  variability between Maharashtra and Rajasthan.

14
Table 1 Structure of Computer Training Centers
Maharastra
Centre Year of Establishment Number of Instructors Number of Female Instructors Number of PCs Number of Working PCs
Akola 1995 4 1 6 6
Alibagh 2001 4 4 5 4
Amravati, Gadge Nagar 2000 3 1 5 5
Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 1997 4 2 10 10
Aurangabad 1996 2 0 5 5
Dhule 2000 2 0 5 5
Gargoti 2000 3 0 4 4
Kolhapur 1998 3 2 6 5
Latur 2001 2 0 5 4
Nagpur 2002 2 0 9 9
Pune 2000 1 1 6 6
Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 2000 2 2 4 2
Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 1997 5 3 10 10
Sangli 2000 3 1 5 5
Satara 2001 3 1 5 5
Solapur 2000 3 1 7 7
Yavatmal 2000 2 0 9 9
15
Table 2 Location of and Infrastructure
Facilities in the Training Centres Maharastra
Centre Location Infrastructure Index (On a 10 Points Scale) Percentage of Students In Contact With The Faculty
Akola M 6.25 2
Alibagh M 6.25 20
Amravati, Gadge Nagar. R 6.25 10
Amravati,Rukmini Nagar M 6.25 0
Aurangabad R 6.25 15
Dhule R 7.5 5
Gargoti M 3.75 10
Kolhapur M 5 10
Latur M 3.75 20
Nagpur R 6.25 5
Pune O 6.25 15
Ratnagiri, (Hostel) R 2.5 70
Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari M 6.25 30
Sangli R 6.25 40
Satara M 6.25 5
Solapur M 6.25 10
Yavatmal R 7.5 20
16
Table 3 Dropouts and Placement Maharastra
Centre Enrolment Rate () Drop Out Rate () Number of Students Placed By The Centre Students In Contact With The Faculty ()
Akola 5 31.67 0 2
Alibagh 18.77 50.96 5 20
Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 20 16.67 9 10
Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 34.88 29.07 0 20
Aurangabad 17.44 39.53 27 15
Dhule 72 0 0 5
Gargoti 8.75 11.95 2 10
Kolhapur 14.65 18.6 20 10
Latur 26.88 22.58 0 20
Nagpur 69.01 0 0 5
Pune 6.82 55.11 1 15
Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 12.4 26.45 70 70
Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 6.88 12.57 15 30
Sangli 13.91 58.61 25 40
Satara 16.22 45.05 1 5
Solapur 11.11 25.99 5 10
Yavatmal 3.69 7.69 15 20
17
Table 4 Capacities and Utilisation Maharastra
Centre Installed Capacity Effective Capacity Capacity Utilisation Rate ()
Akola 144 144 10.42
Alibagh 120 120 40.83
Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 120 120 20
Amravati,Rukmini Nagar 240 240 37.5
Aurangabad 120 120 25
Dhule 120 120 15
Gargoti 96 96 31.25
Kolhapur 144 120 52.5
Latur 120 96 26.04
Nagpur 216 216 22.69
Pune 96 96 12.5
Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 96 48 62.5
Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 240 240 40.83
Sangli 120 120 35
Satara 120 120 30
Solapur 168 168 33.33
Yavatmal 216 216 5.56
18
Table 5 Structure of Computer Training Centers
Rajasthan
Centre Year of Establishment Number of Instructors Number of Female Instructors Number of PCs Number of Working PCs
Alwar 2001 2 0 7 6
Beawar 2002 1 0 3 3
Bharatpur, Kotwali 2001 2 0 5 3
Bharatpur, Mandi 1997 2 1 7 7
Bikaner 1998 2 0 8 8
Chirawa 2002 1 0 3 2
Chomu 2000 1 0 2 2
Jaipur, Bajajnagar 1996 2 0 12 12
Jaipur, Murlipura 2001 2 0 4 4
Jaipur, Shastrinagar 2000 2 0 5 5
Jhunjhunu 2001 2 0 5 4
Jodhpur 1998 1 1 5 4
Kishangarh 1999 1 0 5 3
Mukundgarh 2002 1 1 3 2
Reengus 1996 1 0 3 3
Sri Ganganagar 1999 1 0 8 7
Udaipur 1997 2 1 4 3
19
Table 6 Location of and Infrastructure
Facilities in the Training Centers Rajasthan
Centre Location Infrastructure Index on a 10 Points Scale Percentage of Students In Contact With The Faculty
Alwar R 7.5 30
Beawar M 3.75 0
Bharatpur, Kotwali M 5 2
Bharatpur, Mandi M 7.5 10
Bikaner R 6.25 30
Chirawa M 2.5 0
Chomu R 2.5 40
Jaipur, Bajajnagar R 7.5 20
Jaipur, Murlipura R 5 80
Jaipur, Shastrinagar R 6.25 95
Jhunjhunu M 6.25 30
Jodhpur R 6.25 50
Kishangarh R 6.25 25
Mukundgarh R 2.5 0
Reengus R 5 20
Sri Ganganagar R 6.25 10
20
Table 7 Dropouts and Placement Rajasthan
Centre Enrolment Rate () Drop Out Rate () Number of Students Placed By The Centre Students In Contact With The Faculty ()
Alwar 27.43 17.71 27 30
Beawar 80 0 0 0
Bharatpur, Kotwali 19.46 28.65 1 2
Bharatpur, Mandi 19.42 33.66 25 10
Bikaner 15.5 9.56 60 30
Chirawa 333.33 0 0 0
Chomu 22.54 36.62 4 40
Jaipur, Bajajnagar 17.14 11.79 3 20
Jaipur, Murlipura 79.75 11.39 2 80
Jaipur, Shastrinagar 23.44 33.59 0 95
Jhunjhunu 45.45 12.12 1 30
Jodhpur 9.34 48.64 4 50
Kishangarh 8.2 57.86 0 25
Mukundgarh 120 0 0 0
Reengus 20 82.22 0 20
Sri Ganganagar 31.58 45.39 0 10
Udaipur 6.98 48.37 50 50
21
Table 8 Capacities and Utilisation Rajasthan
Centre Installed Capacity Effective Capacity Capacity Utilisation Rate ()
Alwar 168 144 33.33
Beawar 48 48 16.67
Bharatpur, Kotwali 120 72 50
Bharatpur, Mandi 168 168 35.71
Bikaner 192 192 31.25
Chirawa 48 32 93.75
Chomu 32 32 50
Jaipur, Bajajnagar 288 288 16.67
Jaipur, Murlipura 96 96 65.63
Jaipur, Shastrinagar 120 120 25
Jhunjhunu 120 96 31.25
Jodhpur 80 64 37.5
Kishangarh 80 48 75
Mukundgarh 48 32 112.5
Reengus 48 48 37.5
Sri Ganganagar 128 112 42.86
Udaipur 96 72 41.67
22
Table 9.1
Centres in Maharastra Centres in Maharastra Centres in Maharastra Centres in Maharastra
Name of Centre Frequency Share in the State () Share in Total Sample ()
Alibagh 260 6.8 4.3
Pune 176 4.6 2.9
Aurangabad 172 4.5 2.9
Nagpur 71 1.9 1.2
Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 120 3.2 2.0
Akola 138 3.6 2.3
Amravati,Rukmini Nagar 259 6.8 4.3
Yavatmal 325 8.6 5.4
Dhule 25 0.7 0.4
Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 807 21.2 13.5
Ratnagiri, ( Hostel ) 151 4.0 2.5
Kolhapur 179 4.7 3.0
Gargoti 148 3.9 2.5
Sangli 303 8.0 5.1
Satara 137 3.6 2.3
Solapur 436 11.5 7.3
Latur 93 2.4 1.6
Total 3800 100.0 63.4
23
Table 9.2
Centres in Rajasthan Centres in Rajasthan Centres in Rajasthan Centres in Rajasthan
Name of Centre Frequency Share in the State () Share in Total Sample ()
Udaipur 328 15.0 5.5
Bajajnagar, Jaipur 218 9.9 3.6
Shastrinagar, Jaipur 52 2.4 0.9
Murlipura, Jaipur 81 3.7 1.4
Chomu 50 2.3 0.8
Reengus 69 3.1 1.2
Kishangarh 316 14.4 5.3
Beawar 11 0.5 0.2
Bharatpur, Kotwali 47 2.1 0.8
Bharatpur, Mandi 86 3.9 1.4
Alwar 180 8.2 3.0
Jhunjhunu 71 3.2 1.2
Chirawa 7 0.3 0.1
Mukundgarh 31 1.4 0.5
Sri Ganganagar 111 5.1 1.9
Bikaner 387 17.7 6.5
Jodhpur 146 6.7 2.4
Total 2191 100.0 36.6
24
Figure 1
25
Figure 2
26
Figure 3
27
Figure 4
28
Figure 5
29
Figure 6
30
Figure 7
31
Table 10 Age Structure Maharastra (All Figures
are in Percentages)
Centre Age Groups (In Years) Age Groups (In Years) Age Groups (In Years) Age Groups (In Years) Age Groups (In Years)
Centre 15 to 20 20 to 25 25 to 30 30 to 60 60 and Above
Akola 38.64 38.64 15.15 7.58 0.00
Alibag 25.31 16.60 8.71 48.96 0.41
Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 29.91 48.72 14.53 6.84 0.00
Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 35.80 40.47 15.95 7.78 0.00
Aurangabad 18.02 44.19 21.51 16.28 0.00
Dhule 52.00 40.00 8.00 0.00
Gargoti 27.21 63.95 3.40 4.08 1.36
Kolhapur 59.77 21.84 9.20 6.90 2.30
Latur 49.44 37.08 8.99 4.49 0.00
Nagpur 18.31 50.70 15.49 15.49 0.00
Pune 21.14 46.86 24.00 7.43 0.57
Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 24.00 50.67 13.33 11.33 0.67
Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 25.31 49.00 15.84 8.98 0.87
Sangli 27.06 54.79 11.22 6.93 0.00
Satara 48.06 36.43 10.85 4.65 0.00
Solapur 34.64 42.03 16.40 6.93 0.00
Yavatmal 41.56 35.94 15.63 6.25 0.63
32
Table 11 Age Structure Rajasthan (All Figures
are in Percentages)
Centre Age Groups (In Years) Age Groups (In Years) Age Groups (In Years) Age Groups (In Years) Age Groups (In Years)
Centre 15 to 20 20 to 25 25 to 30 30 to 60 60 and Above
Alwar 6.67 57.78 30.00 5.56 0.00
Beawar 42.86 57.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
Bharatpur, Kotwali 58.54 36.59 0.00 4.88 0.00
Bharatpur, Mandi 67.14 30.00 1.43 1.43 0.00
Bikaner 53.17 30.03 9.92 5.79 1.10
Chirawa 71.43 28.57 0.00 0.00 0.00
Chomu 32.00 52.00 12.00 4.00 0.00
Jaipur, Bajajnagar 23.26 48.84 13.02 7.44 7.44
Jaipur, Murlipura 51.32 43.42 5.26 0.00 0.00
Jaipur, Shastrinagar 30.77 46.15 15.38 7.69 0.00
Jhunjhunu 55.71 32.86 5.71 5.71 0.00
Jodhpur 29.86 45.83 15.28 7.64 1.39
Kishangarh 38.31 38.96 13.31 7.14 2.27
Mukundgarh 62.07 34.48 3.45 0.00 0.00
Reengus 79.31 15.52 1.72 1.72 1.72
Sri Ganganagar 46.73 37.38 10.28 4.67 0.93
Udaipur 29.94 49.69 13.27 7.10 0.00
33
Figure 8
34
Figure 9
35
Figure 10
36
Figure 11
37
Table 12 Educational Level Maharastra (All
Figures are in Percentages)
Centre Educational Level Educational Level Educational Level Educational Level Educational Level
Centre SSC HSC Graduation Post Graduation Diploma
Akola 34.78 42.75 15.22 4.35 2.90
Alibag 12.69 39.62 44.23 3.46 0.00
Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 25.83 48.33 17.50 4.17 4.17
Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 19.77 37.98 29.07 11.24 1.94
Aurangabad 36.05 37.79 20.35 5.81 0.00
Dhule 52.00 28.00 16.00 4.00 0.00
Gargoti 16.22 62.16 20.27 0.00 1.35
Kolhapur 39.66 39.11 17.88 3.35 0.00
Latur 36.56 35.48 25.81 2.15 0.00
Nagpur 19.72 46.48 21.13 12.68 0.00
Pune 21.02 52.27 25.00 0.00 1.70
Ratnagiri, ( Hostel) 17.22 57.62 21.19 3.31 0.66
Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 14.50 40.52 39.28 2.73 2.97
Sangli 13.20 40.59 42.57 3.63 0.00
Satara 24.09 54.01 18.25 3.65 0.00
Solapur 17.66 47.25 35.09 0.00 0.00
Yavatmal 24.00 33.54 37.23 3.38 1.85
38
Table 13 Educational Level Rajasthan (All
Figures are in Percentages)
Centre Educational Level Educational Level Educational Level Educational Level Educational Level
Centre SSC HSC Graduation Post Graduation Diploma
Alwar 0.00 16.67 56.67 26.67 0.00
Beawar 81.82 9.09 0.00 9.09 0.00
Bharatpur, Kotwali 23.40 36.17 31.91 8.51 0.00
Bharatpur, Mandi 48.84 38.37 11.63 1.16 0.00
Bikaner 46.25 36.69 10.08 6.98 0.00
Chirawa 14.29 71.43 0.00 14.29 0.00
Chomu 6.12 53.06 38.78 2.04 0.00
Jaipur, Bajajnagar 19.35 36.87 43.32 0.46 0.00
Jaipur, Murlipura 32.10 34.57 30.86 2.47 0.00
Jaipur, Shastrinagar 28.85 19.23 46.15 3.85 1.92
Jhunjhunu 0.00 52.11 32.39 15.49 0.00
Jodhpur 23.29 41.78 27.40 6.16 1.37
Kishangarh 17.21 35.06 44.48 2.60 0.65
Mukundgarh 22.58 25.81 32.26 19.35 0.00
Reengus 47.83 39.13 11.59 1.45 0.00
Sri Ganganagar 9.01 58.56 23.42 9.01 0.00
Udaipur 47.26 31.71 14.63 6.40 0.00
39
Figure 12
40
Figure 13
41
Figure 14
42
Figure 15
43
Table 14 Income Groups Maharashtra (All Figures
are in Percentages)
Centre Income Groups Income Groups Income Groups Income Groups
Centre Less Than Rs.30,000 Rs.30,000 to Rs.60,000 Rs.60,000 to Rs.1,50,000 Above Rs.1,50,000
Akola 19.57 65.94 14.49 0.00
Alibag 13.75 23.33 47.50 15.42
Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 67.50 30.00 2.50 0.00
Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 33.12 29.87 30.52 6.49
Aurangabad 57.56 38.95 3.49 0.00
Dhule 94.44 5.56 0.00 0.00
Gargoti 79.03 16.13 4.03 0.81
Kolhapur 46.54 35.22 17.61 0.63
Latur 48.91 45.65 4.35 1.09
Nagpur 60.98 14.63 21.95 2.44
Pune 68.71 25.17 5.44 0.68
Ratnagiri, (Hostel) 49.60 24.80 24.80 0.80
Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 44.63 32.99 21.34 1.04
Sangli 56.95 25.17 17.55 0.33
Satara 54.46 28.57 16.07 0.89
Solapur 82.11 13.30 4.13 0.46
Yavatmal 23.69 44.31 29.54 2.46
44
Table 15 Income Groups Rajasthan (All Figures
are in Percentages)
Centre Income Groups Income Groups Income Groups Income Groups
Centre Less Than Rs.30,000 Rs.30,000 to Rs.60,000 Rs.60,000 to Rs.1,50,000 Above Rs.1,50,000
Alwar 0.56 5.56 37.22 56.67
Beawar 9.09 90.91 0.00 0.00
Bharatpur, Kotwali 19.15 23.40 55.32 2.13
Bharatpur, Mandi 20.24 44.05 33.33 2.38
Bikaner N.A N.A N.A N.A
Chirawa 42.86 57.14 0.00 0.00
Chomu 40.00 44.44 13.33 2.22
Jaipur, Bajajnagar 18.38 39.46 37.84 4.32
Jaipur, Murlipura 8.64 64.20 25.93 1.23
Jaipur, Shastrinagar 17.65 64.71 17.65 0.00
Jhunjhunu 39.44 59.15 1.41 0.00
Jodhpur 10.32 60.32 28.57 0.79
Kishangarh 11.65 52.63 30.83 4.89
Mukundgarh 12.90 87.10 0.00 0.00
Reengus 72.31 23.08 4.62 0.00
Sri Ganganagar 11.21 45.79 40.19 2.80
Udaipur 26.26 40.40 33.33 0.00
45
Figure 16
46
Figure 17
47
Figure 18
48
Figure 19
49
Table 16 Occupational Structure Maharashtra
Centre Occupational Structure Occupational Structure Occupational Structure Occupational Structure
Centre Employed Unemployed Student Student And Employed
Akola 12.50 9.56 77.94 0.00
Alibag 39.62 17.31 42.31 0.77
Amravati, Gadge Nagar. 3.33 13.33 82.50 0.83
Amravati, Rukmini Nagar 14.79 9.73 75.49 0.00
Aurangabad 25.58 16.86 57.56 0.00
Dhule 20.00 4.00 76.00 0.00
Gargoti 4.73 1.35 93.92 0.00
Kolhapur 13.41 10.06 74.30 2.23
Latur 5.38 5.38 88.17 1.08
Nagpur 15.49 9.86 74.65 0.00
Pune 10.80 17.05 71.59 0.57
Ratnagiri ( Hostel ) 21.85 20.53 57.62 0.00
Ratnagiri, Tambat Ari 21.30 29.57 47.49 1.63
Sangli 20.46 35.64 43.89 0.00
Satara 6.62 9.56 83.09 0.74
Solapur 21.10 3.44 75.46 0.00
Yavatmal 9.85 24.31 65.85 0.00
50
Table 17 Occupational Structure Rajasthan (All
Figures are in Percentages)
Centre Occupational Structure Occupational Structure Occupational Structure Occupational Structure
Centre Employed Unemployed Student Student And Employed
Alwar 18.89 13.44 67.67 0.00
Beawar 0.00 0.00 100.00 0.00
Bharatpur, Kotwali 21.28 0.00 78.72 0.00
Bharatpur, Mandi 2.33 2.33 95.35 0.00
Bikaner 2.07 2.58 95.35 0.00
Chirawa 14.29 0.00 85.71 0.00
Chomu 14.29 10.20 73.47 2.04
Jaipur, Bajajnagar 9.05 18.57 72.38 0.00
Jaipur, Murlipura 18.52 1.23 80.25 0.00
Jaipur, Shastrinagar 7.69 13.46 76.92 1.92
Jhunjhunu 1.41 0.00 98.59 0.00
Jodhpur 13.01 9.59 75.34 2.05
Kishangarh 5.54 17.92 75.90 0.65
Mukundgarh 6.45 9.68 83.87 0.00
Reengus 7.25 4.35 88.41 0.00
Sri Ganganagar 6.31 20.72 72.97 0.00
Udaipur 13.56 31.55 53.94 0.95
51
Table 18 Profile of Sample Beneficiarys
Personal Attributes
BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT STATUS EMPLOYMENT STATUS
BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT YES YES NO NO
BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE
SSC COMM. SKILL 5.50 . 4.84 4.91
SSC AGE 33.00 . 16.55 16.91
HSC COMM. SKILL 4.92 5.17 4.95 4.76
HSC AGE 24.62 20.83 18.67 19.39
GRADUATE COMM. SKILL 4.75 4.94 5.16 5.17
GRADUATE AGE 26.25 23.39 22.16 22.86
POSTGRADUATE COMM. SKILL 5.29 5.80 5.00 4.00
POSTGRADUATE AGE 29.71 23.80 22.6 29
DIPLOMA COMM. SKILL 3.00 . 5 .
DIPLOMA AGE 52.00 . 15 .
52
Table 19 Beneficiary Educational Attainment and
Socio Economic Attributes
STATE BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT BENF. EDU ATTAINMENT
STATE SSC HSC GRADU-ATE POST GRADUATE DIPLOMA
MAHARASHTRA PCAPINC 6921.83 9297.90 11218.30 16816.67
MAHARASHTRA S-E STATUS 28.96 34.56 39.62 38.33 50.00
MAHARASHTRA COMM. SKILL 4.69 4.94 5.03 5.66 6.00
RAJASTHAN PCAPINC 12712.82 9487.05 10892.29 14896.30 10000.00
RAJASTHAN S-E STATUS 46.61 56.11 64.10 61.07 150.00
RAJASTHAN COMM. SKILL 5.17 4.85 5.10 5.00 3.50
53
Summary and Conclusions

• To sum up, it could be stated that on the whole
  computer education appears to have tremendous
  scope to enhance poor peoples opportunities.
• These opportunities are usually translated in the
  form of access to markets, and market access
  could be a part of the development initiatives in
  a world of information technology and could make
  the development initiatives inclusive.
• Provision of subsidised computer education could,
  therefore, be a major source of empowerment of
  people especially those belonging to the
  socially and economically backward in a
  developing country like India.
• However, the models specified and tested in these
  research studies could not be directly applied in
  this study.

54
Cont.

• The real issue that emerges from studies on
  developing countries is that efforts should be
  made to close the digital gap through
  incorporating ICT directly in development work
  not just include ICT in other projects.
• The holistic view makes it necessary to expand
  focus from macro-economic dynamics to include
  locally embedded approaches.

55
conclusion

• A perusal of the Socio Economic Index constructed
  for the beneficiaries of subsidized IT education
  offered by a business house in India indicates a
  rising trend in communication skills, socio
  economic status and per capita income for the
  State of Maharashtra as the educational
  especially, IT attainment increases, while
  there are mixed trends for Rajasthan.
• The results of the analysis could be of
  considerable use to the foundation and the policy
  makers and also provide directions for future
  research.

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Initiatives in IIT B

• IRCC and Cell for Human Values
• Creation of NSVK
• Involving IIT B Students
• Community Outreach
• Tangible Economic Benefits
• Social Empowerment
• Social Responsibility

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Study of Impact of IT Education among Muslims

• Hindrances
• 1. Limited access
• 2. Familial pressure in career and academic
  decisions
• 3. Low competency in English and lack of
  information
• 4. Perceived discrimination
• 5. Lack of funds and space for a home PC

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Policy implications

• Indisputable role of ICT
• Need to create a win-win situation for all IT
  literates
• Reduce rural-urban divide, as well as the
  digital-divide
• Public private partnership as the best solution
• Public investment crowds in private investment.

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Thank You very much

• For your attention