Conservative vs' Liberal

1
Conservative vs. Liberal

• The Europe after Napoleon

2

• The Concert of Europe major powers worked in
  unison in their conservative control of Europe.
• The Congress System the victors over Napoleon
  met periodically in order to maintain
  conservative control over Europe.

3
The Spanish Revolution 1820

• Ferdinand VII reclaimed the Spanish throne for
  the Bourbon family after the fall of Napoleon by
  promising to rule with a written constitution.
• After assuming power he ignored his liberal
  pledge. He dissolved the CORTES (parliament) and
  ruled alone.
• 1820 Spanish officers who were about to go to
  the Spanish colonies in America to put down
  rebellion themselves rebelled against
  Ferdinand. Ferdinand agreed to rule by a
  constitution.

4

• Ferdinand VII of Spain

5

• July 1820 revolutionary spirit in the KINGDOM
  OF THE TWO SICILIES the monarch agreed to
  accept a constitution.
• METTERNICH was afraid of the growing
  constitutional movement. He wanted European
  intervention in Italy and Spain.
• CONGRESS OF TROPPAU October 1820 Austria,
  Prussia, and Russia met with unofficial
  representatives from Britain and France met to
  discuss Spain and Italy.

6

• The Kingdom of the
• Two Sicilies
• Naples and Sicily

7

• The Holy Alliance led by Alexander I issued
  PROTOCOL OF TROPPAU. Stated that military
  intervention was possible in order to preserve
  European conservative stability.
• CONGRESS OF LAIBACH January 1821 leading
  nations authorized troops be sent into Italy.
  Austrian troops restored the king of the KINGDOM
  OF THE TWO SICILIES to power WITHOUT the confines
  of a constitution.

8

• CONGRESS OF VERONA 1822 Britain withdrew from
  the notion of a united front of European
  conservative monarchs. Austria, Prussia, and
  Russia authorized the French army to cross the
  Pyrenees and help Ferdinand VII put down
  liberalism. Spanish liberals and radicals were
  executed and tortured severe attempt to end
  liberalism.

9
The Greek Revolution 1821

• Liberals used ancient Athens as a symbol of their
  desire for democracy in Europe. The Greeks
  fought the Ottoman Turks for independence. The
  Ottoman Empire was weak and posed the eastern
  question for European leaders. How do they deal
  with the Ottoman Empire and the various European
  ethnic groups they controlled.

10

• Europe also feared Ottoman control of the eastern
  Mediterranean Sea and Palestine.
• THE TREATY OF LONDON 1827 Britain, France and
  Russia agreed to provide fleet support for the
  rebellious Greeks. They demanded the Turks
  recognize the independence of Greece.
• Liberals and conservatives agreed
• Liberal idealism
• Conservative land grabs at the expense of the
  Turks

11

• TREATY OF ADRIANOPLE after Russia sent troops
  to occupy what is today Romania the Turks
  agreed to let Europe decide the fate of Greece.
• Second TREATY OF LONDON 1830 Greece given its
  independence. The son of the king of Bavaria was
  named OTTO I of Greece

12

• Otto I of Greece

13
The Development of Liberalism

• Political Liberalism
• Political ideals from the Enlightenment
• English civil rights
• U.S. Declaration of Independence and
  Constitution
• Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
• Free government required government ministers be
  responsible to representatives rather than a
  monarch
• Often well educated class with money
• NOT usually advocates of true democracy

14
Economic Liberalism

• Adam Smith THE WEALTH OF NATIONS 1776 removal
  of economic restraints associated with
  mercantilism.
• Manufacture and sell freely
• Labor a commodity
• Favored the state over the monarchy
• Not true with German liberals who favored the
  monarchy believing the monarchy the only force
  that could bring about unification.

15
Nationalism

• The concept of nation should be base don people
  who are joined naturally through language,
  customs, culture and history.
• Romantic movement organic in nature
• Not based around a monarch
• German and Italian unification seen as
  nationalism
• BUT not always liberal - Magyars

16
Liberal Movements

• Russia The DECEMBRIST REVOLT 1825
• Repressive regime of Alexander I and the
  experiences of the Russian army in Europe since
  1800 led many army officers to demand a liberal
  change for Russia.
• The sudden death of Alexander I in 1825 provided
  the officers the pretext for a demand for change.

17

• Conditions/demands causing unrest
• Representative government
• Abolition of serfdom
• Independent Poland
• Constitution

18

• 1825 dynastic crisis Alexander I had no
  children
• Grand Duke Constantine was next in line by birth
  but had removed himself through a morganic
  marriage. He recognized his younger brother
  Nicholas as tsar.
• Grand Duke Nicholas I acknowledged his older
  brother Constantine as tsar.

19

• Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich

20

• The delaying in Nicholas acknowledging and being
  proclaimed tsar allowed army officers time to
  promote a conspiracy to demand liberal reforms.
• 26 December 1825 Moscow regiment of the army
  marched in St. Petersburg and refused to swear
  allegiance. They called for Constantine and a
  constitution.

21

• Tsar Nicholas I

22

• Other troops were called in the attack the
  rebellious group. Some were killed that day
  others were later executed hundreds exiled to
  Siberia.
• The Decembrist Revolt failed. But there were
  repercussions
• Nicholas feared change and any challenge to his
  rule

23
(No Transcript)
24
(No Transcript)
25
(No Transcript)
26

• Gone was any real talk of reform
• The Decembrists became martyrs to later liberals
• Serfdom maintained in order to maintain noble
  support for Nicholas
• Literary and political censorship increased
• Secret police

27
Official Nationality

• Official Nationality ORTHODOXY, AUTOCRACY, and
  NATIONALISM
• Russian Orthodox faith was to be the basis for
  morality, education and intellectual life.
• The young were taught to accept their place in
  life
• Political writers stressed that only under an
  autocrat had Russia been truly great.
• Nationalism meaning RUSSIA over all
  RUSSIFICATION the attempt to make all ethnic
  groups in the Russian Empire Russian.

28
Repression in Poland

• Polish nationalists continually strove for
  independence especially from Russia.
• December 1830 the Polish Diet voted to depose
  Nicholas as ruler of Poland.
• Russian troops put down revolt.
• February 1832 Russia declared Poland not to be
  an occupied land but a true and continuous part
  of Russia. Polish nationalism could then be seen
  as treason.

29
Serbia

• In the days after Napoleon Serbian nationalists
  began a guerilla war against the Ottoman Empire.
• 1830 the Ottoman sultan formally granted
  Serbian independence. The boundaries of Serbia
  were in flux until 1878 as Serbia wanted more
  land and more control of ethnic Serbians. Issues
  of religion also complicated matters in the
  Balkans.
• Russia became Serbias formal protector
  starting problems with Austria that will help
  initiate World War I.

30
ANOTHER French Revolution 1830

• 1824 Louis XVIII died and was succeeded by his
  ultraconservative royalist brother CHARLES X
  former Duc dArtois.
• Charles X begins to pull back liberal reforms
• Indemnified aristocrats who lost land in the 1789
  revolution this was done by lowering interest
  on government bonds. BUT most bond holders were
  bourgeois who then lost money on their loans to
  the government.

31

• Charles X

32

• Crown of
• Louis XVIII
• Charles X

33

• PRIMOGENITURE is restored land can be inherited
  ONLY by the oldest son. This was hated by the
  liberals as a sign of feudalism.
• Sacrilege against the Roman Catholic Church
  became a civil crime punished by imprisonment or
  death.

34

• Election of 1827 liberals gain seats in the
  Chamber of Deputies.
• Liberals demand a constitutional monarchy
• 1829 Charles replaces his ministers with
  ultraroyalist
• Liberals begin talks with Charles cousin
  LOUIS-PHILIPPE, Duc dOrleans a moderate.

35

• JULY REVOLUTION 1830
• Charles called for new elections liberals
  scored a tremendous victory
• Charles sent the French navy to defeat the
  Algerians and founded a French Empire in Africa
  distracting the people he hopes.
• Charles X issued the FOUR ORDINANCES on July 25,
  1830 a royalist coup detat

36
The Four Ordinances

• freedom of the press restricted
• Newly elected liberal Chamber of Deputies
  dissolved
• Franchise restricted to the wealthiest in France
• New elections under new franchise

37
Rebellion in the Streets

• Liberal newspapers called on the people of Paris
  to denounce Charles and the Four Ordinances
• The working class of Paris took to the streets
  and barricaded them against royal troops
• Battles in the streets of Paris
• August 2, 1830 Charles X abdicates and flees to
  England

38

• The Chamber of Deputies composed of liberal
  constitutional monarchists proclaimed
  Louis-Philippe the new king of France
• BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION this was not the victory
  of the sans-culottes.
• The middle class of France the banking and
  merchant class won over the conservative royalist
  and the working classes.

39

• Louis-Philippe

40
Louis-Philippe

• Liberal bourgeois monarch
• Tricolor restored as the French flag
• New constitution seen as the right of the people
  NOT a gift from the monarch
• Censorship abolished
• Franchise wider but still restricted
• Monarch could not dispense with laws on his won
• Hereditary peerage abolished BUT power of the
  landed gentry and wealthy urbanites remained.

41
The JULY DAYS Les Miserables

• Working class demanded more rights and reforms
• July 1832 uprising in Paris after the funeral
  of one of Napoleons generals streets
  barricaded
• Thousands killed
• Bourgeois triumphed over the proletariat

42
(No Transcript)
43
Belgium

• 1815 the former Austrian Netherlands were
  merged into the kingdom of Holland.
• Differences in the people maintained a level of
  distrust and discomfort.
• August 25, 1830 after an opera in Brussels
  depicting the Neapolitan rebellion against the
  Spanish provoked a rebellion against Dutch rule.

44

• Propertied classes bourgeois formed a
  provisional government
• Dutch forces defeated
• November 1830 national constitution written

45
What about the Congress of Vienna and the Holy
Alliance???

• 1. Russia busy putting down Polish revolt
• 2. Prussia busy putting down German revolts
• Austria busy putting down revolts in Italy
• France did not mind and independent Belgium
  confident they could control their northern
  neighbor
• Great Britain OK with independent Belgium as
  long as it was not dominated by another nation
  SO.

46
Belgium and Great Britain

• British Foreign Minister Lord Palmerston gathered
  the world powers to agree to
• Independent Belgium
• Neutral Belgium (Convention of 1839)
• Leopold of Saxe-Coburg Gotha named king of the
  Belgians in 1831

47

• Lord Palmerston

48

• Leopold I

49
A Prelude to World War One

• 1830 Serbia and Belgium achieve independence.
• These nations will be the sparks of World War I
  as the world finally fights the liberal vs.
  conservative war