Biochemistry

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BB10A Cells, Biomolecules Genetics 2003-04
Semester 1 Welcome, again to biochemistry
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What is BB10A all about? It is an introduction
to university studies in Cell Biology/microscopy
Biochemistry/biomolecules Genetics
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What is BB10A all about?
Golgi-Complex
Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi-Complex
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) transitional
vesicles Convex face, cis face, forming face
of Golgi-Complex Concave face, trans face,
maturing face of Golgi-Complex
It is an introduction to university studies
in Cell biology
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What is BB10A all about? It is an introduction to
university studies in Biochemistry Biomolecules
Ionic interaction
Hydrophobic Interaction
H-bond
Adapted From Voet Voet
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What is BB10A all about? It is also an
introduction to university studies in Genetics
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What is BB10A good for? It is a pre-requisite
(along with BB10B) for majors in biochemistry
biotechnology botany environmental
biology experimental biology microbiology
(option) molecular biology zoology (N.B.
BC10M can substitute BB10A/B for some majors)
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Should I know chemistry and biology before
starting? Biology yes Chemistry no, but it
is needed for majors in the biochemical
sciences biochemistry biotechnology
molecular biology
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Biochemistry its Applications
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Biochemistry its Applications
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Biochemistry its Applications
Data for UK only Source The Biochemist Feb 2002
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Biochemistry its Applications
What is BB10A good for? Pre-requisite for majors
in biochemistry biotechnology botany envi
ronmental biology experimental
biology microbiology (option) molecular
biology zoology
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biotechnology the application of biochemical,
microbiological and molecular biological
knowledge for benefit.
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biotechnology
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biotechnology
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biotechnology
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biotechnology
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biotechnology
THE BIOREMEDIATION OF RUM DISTILLERY WASTE USING
Cryptococcus curvatus
by Kisha McLeod Supervisor A. G. M.
Pearson Biochemistry Section Department of Basic
Medical Sciences
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biotechnology
The use of microorganisms to render sewage
safer. The use of microorganisms in food
preservation.
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biotechnology
The use of immobilised enzymes (biochemical
reactors) to carry out precise reactions. The
production of pharmaceuticals.
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biotechnology
The production of bulk biomolecules,
e.g. Ethanol Acetic acid Citric acid Ascorbic
acid Amino acids Dietary supplements Vitamins etc.

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Biochemistry its Applications
Molecular Biology
Recombinant DNA technology (genetic
engineering) GMOs genetically modified
organisms
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Biochemistry its Applications
Molecular Biology
Recombinant DNA technology Modified enzymes
with greater stability making new product
molecules better reaction kinetics
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Biochemistry its Applications
Molecular Biology
Forensic applications (DNA fingerprinting) Geneti
c diseases Understanding fundamental biochemistry
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biochemistry
Synthesis of useful biomolecules Characterisation
of new reactions
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Biochemistry its Applications
Biochemistry
Poorly understood biochemistry Insects Fish Nemat
odes Plants Most microorganisms
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The same biochemistry is used by all living cells
that have been studied. Electrons, protons and
energy are the fundamental components
of biochemistry and bioenergetics.
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Essential cellular processes
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• Chemistry fundamentals
• Elements all have different nuclei.
• Atomic nuclei are formed of
• protons (ve charge)
• neutrons (no charge)
• electrons (-ve charge) are roughly equal in
  number to the no. of protons in the
• nucleus.
• Covalent bonds are the sharing of electrons
• between consenting nuclei.

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Chemistry fundamentals
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The s and p orbitals of electrons closest to the
nuclei of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
nitrogen, are those most frequently of importance
in biochemical bonds, reactions and molecules.
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The ability of carbon, oxygen nitrogen to form
double bonds gives rise to p- bonding molecular
orbitals.
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• How strong are chemical bonds
• relative to each other?
• relative to other energies?

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H-bonds Electrostatic Interactions Van der

Waals
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Chemistry fundamentals
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Far UV 1200 kJ.mol-1
H-bonds Electrostatic Interactions Van der

Waals
UV 480 to 343 kJ.mol-1
visible
Near IR 120 kJ.mol-1
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Far UV 1200 kJ.mol-1
UV 480 to 343 kJ.mol-1
Near IR 120 kJ.mol-1
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Unlike covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds are a
sharing of a proton between electro- negative
nuclei, typically of oxygen or nitrogen. Recall
that they are much weaker.
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• It is the weakness of H-bonds that makes
• them so useful to biomolecular interactions.
• H-bonds are
• easily broken
• easily formed
• of variable strength
• of variable orientation

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• Chemistry fundamentals
• Hydrogen nuclei (protons), like electrons,
• can exist independently.
• Protons tend to dissociate from acids
• in aqueous media.
• Protons tend to associate with bases
• in aqueous media.
• Electrons readily associate with and
• dissociate from redox couples such as
• Fe2/Fe3 Cu/Cu2.

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The tenacity with which a molecule holds onto its
dissociable protons (the pKa value) is related
to the proton concentration (the pH value) of
its environment. pH pKa log
unprotonated protonated
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There is supplementary material on pH, pK and
buffers in your lab handbook, including the url
for a self-paced, web-based tutorial on pH, pK
and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. You will
be expected to perform calculations using the
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.
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