Eastern Europe 1648-1740

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Eastern Europe 1648-1740

• Aging (HOP) HRE, Ottoman Empire, Poland
• Emerging (RAP) Russia, Austria, Prussia

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3 Aging Empires

• Holy Roman Empire
• Poland
• Ottoman Empire
• Ineffective pushed aside by growth of Prussia,
  Russia, Austria

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3 Aging Empires

• Central govts weak
• Bad admin. govt
• All pushed out w/ newer states
• Govts changed w/ whoever was in charge

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Division by East and West

• In East
• Towns smaller
• Labor less productive
• Middle class less strong
• Peasants mass loss of freedom
• Landlords only significant political class

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Holy Roman Empire

• No/little army, revenues, working govt
• Voltaire it is neither holy, Roman, nor an
  empire.
• Ruined by Reformation

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Republic of Poland

• Very large 1000 miles long hard to administer
• Aristocracy wouldnt allow absolutism
• But didnt create effective const. or parliament
• Szlachta Polish aristocracy 89
• Seen as form of democracy-leery of central govt
• Govt in shambles
• King of Pol no army, no courts, no officials, on
  income, nobility paid no taxes

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Republic of Poland Cont.

• 18th Cent. largest European state
• Old political structure failed to devel. modern
  form of govt
• Deep anarchy confusion
• Hold Royal elections but internatl interference
• Poland Partitioned in 1772 Russia, Austria,
  Prussia took slices

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Rise of Austria

• Fall of Powers
• HRE Spain collapse after 30 Years War
• Austria now able to form own empire
• Kingdoms of Austria
• Held together by Austrian Habsburg dynasty
• During 30 Yrs War pushed out Prot. reconquered
  recatholicized Bohemia
• Also conquered Hungary

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Rise of Austria Cont.

• Turks
• 1526 Turks in Hungary many yrs of fighting
• 1683 siege Vienna
• w/ aid from Pope Innocent XI turn Turks away led
  by Prince Eugene of Savoy
• Prince Eugene of Savoy
• Founder of modern Austrian state
• Military state commander
• 1697 Turks out of Hungary Peace of Karlowitz
  1699 get most of Hungary

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Rise of Prussia

• German States
• Gone after the war
• Fell behind the rest of Europe
• Not much of a Burgher class
• Laws different throughout Germany
• Calendar varied
• Science learning non-existent
• Art Lit. ?
• Each state had sovereignty w/ emperor over them

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300 States

• Some independence
• Electors elect Emperor
• Golden Bull 1356 7 electors wanted to preserve
  German liberties
• Germanic liberties state control over empire
  control
• After 30 Yrs War German states would not allow
  any authority of imperial diet (dietpower to
  raise troops taxes for whole empire)
• Religion both Prot. Cath. demand right of
  setting apart chamber
• Each religion had a veto in chamber

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300 States

• States didnt want empire to take away liberties
  but didnt give ind. Rights w/in own states
  almost oligarchy
• After Peace of Westphalia
• Absolute monarchies building over subjects
• People gain high pol. position
• 1700 Prussia Austria on own

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Westernization of Russia

• Not Part of Europeanization
• Greek Orthodox Church Constantinople influence
  not Rome
• Mongol invasions conquests 250 yrs kept
  Asiatic influence until 1480 when Ivan III
  defeated them
• Geography Very little warm water outlets hard
  for communication commerce

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Ivan the Terrible 1533-1584

• 1st grand duke of Muscovy 1st to take title of
  tsar
• Saw what was going on in Poland didnt want it
  to happen in Russia
• After his death Time of Troubles 1598-1613
  because he left no heir

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Time of Troubles 1598-1613

• Nobles elected a of tsars wanted certain
  assurances
• Country going through almost like 30 yrs war
• 1613 natl assembly elected 16 yr old boy to
  rule, hope no connection w/ warring parties

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Michael Romanov

• Ivan Terribles grandnephew
• Began Romanov dynasty that lasted until 1917
• Early on saw problems w/ elected monarchy
• Start repressing representing groups eventually
  to set up abs. monarchies

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Russian Peasantry

• Land abundant, labor shortage
• People moving around
• Landlords wanted to make sure had labor force
• Serfs tied to landloss of freedom to move
• Many rebellions see text for information
• Results of rebellions-tightened control on serfs

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Peter the Great

• Westernization of Russia social as well as
  political change that occurred very quickly
• Had relations w/ Europe for some time
• 1697-1698 went to Europe recruited 1000
  experts for service in Russia
• Peters Master Plan wanted to create army that
  could stand up to those of West
• Wanted to hold off Poles, Swedes, Turks, from
  coming into Russia
• Expand to get seaports warm-water ports on
  Baltic Black Seas

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Peter the Great - Internal Changes

• Needed w/ many changes
• Taxes imposed on everything (land, hats, right to
  wear a beard to marry)
• Taxes fell on peasants
• Mobility restricted more-again
• Used Colberts ideas of mercantilism
• Encouraged exports, built fleet, increased
  textile metallurgy
• Increased commercial companies
• Serfdom now industrial as well as agricultural
• Economic system under tsar control - no private
  enterprise

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Results of Peter

• Set things up very quickly some accepted, others
  rejected the ideas
• Put own son to death b/c going to slow down the
  changes he had made
• After his death some turmoil
• He did try to enforce a whole new (western)
  culture on Russia peasants not reached

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Peter the Great
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