WTO Law and Regulation

1
WTO Law and Regulation

• ??. ??. ????????? ???????
• ??????????????????
• ????????????????????????????

2

• ????????????????????????????????????

3
????????????????????

• A rule of conduct or action prescribed or
  formally recognized as binding or enforced by a
  controlling authority

4
????????????????

• The law as a system of social control.
• The law as a method of dispute settlement.
• The law as a means of social engineering.
• The law as a means of preserving society.

5
??????????????????????????

• Norms that are created to regulate relations of
  states.
• International law is concerned with promoting
  international cooperation and achieving
  co-existence amongst states.

6
??????????????????????????

• Public and private international law
• Public international law confines itself to
  public and criminal law rather than civil
  jurisdiction.
• The civil law is the concern of private
  international law or the conflict of laws.

7
?????????????????????????????

• No international legislature.
• International law is made in two ways
• (1) the practices of states (customary
  international law)
• (2) agreements entered into by states (treaties)

8
???????????????????????????

• Art. 38 (1) of the Statute of the International
  Court of Justice provides
• The Court, whose function is to decide in
  accordance with international law such disputes
  as are submitted to it, shall apply
• (a) international conventions, whether general or
  particular, establishing rules expressly
  recognized by the contesting states
• (b) international custom, as evidence of a
  general practice accepted as law
• (c) the general principles of law recognized by
  civilized nations
• (d) judicial decisions and the teachings of the
  most highly qualified publicists of the various
  nations. As subsidiary means for the
  determination of rules of law.

9
????????????????

• Convention in Art.38 (1) means a treaty.
• An agreement made by two or more states
• Two kinds of treaty bilateral and multilateral
• Generally no binding on non-members unless in
  special cases, e.g. United Nations

10
?????????? pacta sunt servanda

• A principle empowering States to govern their
  behaviour by means of treaties
• A process in creating norms by way of agreement
  of two or more states
• norms that impose obligations on, and grant
  rights to, the states.

11

• Other words can be used as a synonym for
  treaties
• Agreement
• Pact
• Protocol
• Charter
• Statute
• Act
• Covenant
• Declaration
• Arrangement

12
????????????????????????

• Modern technology, communications and trade have
  made states more interdependent than ever before.
• States are more willing to accept rules on a vast
  range of problems extradition of criminals,
  economic aid, intellectual property, etc.

13
??????????????????????

• Criminal cases punishment
• Civil cases
• Damages compensatory damages punitive damages
• Equitable relief injunction, contempt of court
  proceedings

14
???????????????????????????????????

• No law-making body and no law-enforcement agency
  under international law
• No international police force and no
  international court with compulsory jurisdiction
• The absence of a strong enforcement considered a
  weakness of international law

15
?????????????

• an entity which has a defined territory and
  permanent population, under the control of its
  own government, and which engages in, or has the
  capacity to engage in, formal relations with
  other such entities.

16
????????????????

• ??????
• ???????
• no minimum or maximum required
• ??????
• ????????????
• Control over its territory and conduct
  international relations with other states

17
????????????????????

• An entity established by agreement and which has
  states as its principal members
• Organisations vary considerably regarding their
  competences, importance and membership
• E.g. UN is a global organisation enjoying almost
  universal membership, whilst the EU is a regional
  organisation.

18

• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• ?????????????????????????????????
• to own, acquire and transfer property
• to enter into contractual agreements and
  international agreements with states and other
  organisations

19
????????????????????????????

• Restricted by their constituent Charter, i.e. the
  agreement establishing the organisation
• Powers may vary from organisation to
  organisation
• e.g. a power to make treaties about one topic,
  for instance, but not about others.
• e.g. the UN can take military action (in certain
  circumstances), but the WHO cannot.

20

• ???????????????????????????????

21
????????????????????????????????

• United Nations (1945)
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• International Bank for Reconstruction and
  Development (World Bank)
• International Trade Organisation (ITO)
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
• World Trade Organisation (WTO)

22
????????????????? WTO/GATT

• Basic principles
• MFN, NT, and Reciprocity
• GATT recognised
• World divided into unequal countries
• Developed
• Developing
• Least developed

23

• GATT rules provided for
• Differential preferential treatment for
  developing countries least developed countries
  (e.g. GSP)
• Deviations
• For reasons of balance of payment
• To protect domestic industry from serious injury
• Customs Union and FTA
• Etc.

24
??????????????????

• Eight rounds of GATT since 1948
• First seven rounds
• Agenda mainly on tariff and non-tariff barriers
  b/w developed countries
• Eighth round
• Uruguay round (1986-1993)

25
??????????????????????????????????

• Intellectual property rights (TRIPS)
• Investment (TRIMS)
• Services (GATS)
• Domestic agriculture policy
• Strengthening dispute settle mechanism
• Government procurements
• Competition policy

26
Minimum standards
GATT/ WTO
Thailand
Trade Associations
GSP
India
S.301
United States
TNCs
Indonesia
GSP
Industries
S.301
China
27
????????????????? WTO/GATT

• Most Favoured Nation
• Non-discriminatory treatment
• Reciprocity
• National Treatment

28
Relationship b/w Reciprocity and MFN
NT
MFN
MFN
India
UK
US
Reciprocity
France
Kuwait
Thailand
MFN
MFN
NT
29
Reciprocal and Non-reciprocal Treatment
US
US
Reciprocity
Non-reciprocity
Thailand
Thailand
30
GSP ???????????????? Reciprocity

• GSP discrimination non-reciprocity

Thailand
5 tariff
US
Japan
50 tariff
31
???????????????????????(Dispute Settlement
Understanding)

• Stage 1 Consultation
• State 2 Panel Proceedings
• 60 days from Cons 3 panellists (DG)
• State 3 Appellate review
• 3 from 7 permanent panellists
• State 4 Implementation
• Within reasonable time
• Concession withdrawn

32
????????????????????????? WTO ?????????

• Marrakesh Ministerial Conference 1994
• Accession to WTO by members
• Singapore Ministerial Conference 1996
• Core labour standard
• Investment competition
• Transparency in government procurement
• Trade facilitation

33

• Geneva Ministerial Conference 1998
• Paid tribute to multilateral trading system
  established 50 years ago
• E-commerce issues
• Seattle Ministerial Conference 1999
• Collapsed

34

• Doha Ministerial Conference 2001
• Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health
• Implementation and new issues
• Cancun Ministerial Conference 2003
• Collapsed without any declaration

35

• Free Trade Area (FTA)

36
Reciprocity and MFN ?????? FTA
MFN
MFN
India
UK
US
Reciprocity
FTA
France
Kuwait
Thailand
MFN
MFN
GATT 1994 Art XXIV
37
???????????????? DOHA

• ???????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????
  (Singapore Issues)
• ?????????????????
• ?????????????????
• ????????????????????

38
???????????? ???????? ????????????????????????????

• ???????
• Progressive liberalisation ???????????????????????
  ? ?
• TRIMS, MAI
• Code on International Anti-trust and Competition
  policy

39
?????????????????

• ???????
• AOA - Tariff reduction, Dumping, Subsidies
• ??????????????????????????????????
  (Multi-functionality)

40
?????????????????

• ???????
• ???????????????????? ???????????????????? ???
  ???????????
• ???????????????? (????????????????????????????????
  ?? ????? ?????????????)
• ???????????????????????
• TRIPS v MEAs (CBD, ITPGR, Biosafety Protocol)
• TK, genetic resources, folklore

41
????????????????????

• ???????
• Eco-dumping, PPP, Sustainable development
• Sustainable development vs Trade liberalisation
• TNCs and Environment

42
WTO-Plus ?????? FTA

• Investment rules
• Trade in services
• Government procurement
• Telecommunications and e-commerce
• Liberalisation of trade in GM products
• Labour and environmental standard
• IPRs in Cyberspace and Living organisms

43
???????????? ???????????????????????????? GMOs
44
Biosafety Protocol 2001 ??????CBD

• ?????????????????????????????????? ??????????????
  3 ??????
• LMOs ????????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????????????????? may contain
  ???????????????????????????
• LMOs ??????????????????????????????????????????
  contained use
• LMOs ????????????????????????????
  ????????????????????? Advanced Informed Consent
• ????????????? LMOs ???????? ??????????????????????
  ????????? ??????????????

45
WTO Agreements

• GATT 1994, Art XX
• ???????????????????? ????? ??????????????
• Agreement on Applications of Sanitary and
  Phytosanitary Measures (SPS)
• ????????????? ????? Scientific evidence
  ???????????????????????????????????????? ????
  CODEX
• ????????????????????????????? Scientific evidence
• Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT)
• ??????????????????????????????? (???????????????
  ???????????????????????)

46

• US-EU Beef hormones
• 16 ??????? 1997 WTO panel ????????????????????????
  ?????????????????????? ??????????????? SPS
  Agreement
• WTO panel ????????????????????????????????????????
  ?????????????
• ??????????????????? GMO ??????? WTO ???????
• US v EU (WTO)
• ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  ?? WTO

47
?????????????????????

• ??? ???. 18 ?.?. 2542
• ???????
• ???????????????????????????????
• ????????????????????????????
• ?????????
• ??????????????????????????????????
• ???????????????????????????????????
• ?????????
• seeds ?????????? ?.?.?. ?????? ?.?. 2507
• grains ?????????? ?.?.?. ?????????????????????????
  ????????????? ?.?. 2522

48

• ??????????