ljwfgefsf Joj:yfkg gfulssf e"ldsf Management of Constituent Assembly

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ljwfgefsf Joj:yfkg gfulssf e"ldsf Management of Constituent Assembly

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Title: ljwfgefsf Joj:yfkg gfulssf e"ldsf Management of Constituent Assembly

1
ljwfgefsf Jojyfkg / gful/ssf
e"ldsf(Management of Constituent Assembly Role
of Citizens) rGbsfGt 1jfnL, clwjQmf PnPn
Pd -jwflgs sfg"g_, PdP /fhgLltzfq / PdP
dfhzfq, dfgjzfq(MAN) df kt'lt_at_) gtfj0f !
ut z'qmaf/
2
! ljwfg s xf lt (What is Constitution?)

ljwfg /fHosf a cËxnfO zfg ug d"n lnvt
xf .
on /fHosf Dk"0f cËxsf zlQm, stJo tyf
DaGwsf kl/eflift ub5 .
gful/sxsf clwsf/sf kTofe"lt ub5 .
o lsldsf zfg ug jwflgs lgod j0fgfTds,
d"NodfGotfjfbL / eljiojfbL x'G5 .

Black Law's Disctionary df klg ljwfgnfO
/fi6sf d"n Pj hljs sfg"gsf kdf jLsf/
ul/Psf 5 .
fy pQm zAbsfifdf ljwfgn u7g, kslt /
cjwf/0ffnfO yflkt ub fjefdzlQmsf klxrfg /
Tosf cEofnfO ls6fg u/sf x'G5 eGg s'/fnfO
pNnv ul/Psf 5 .
x'gt htf's pTsi6 ljwfgaf6 dfq zfg k4lt
/fdf x'Fbg, a? kofu ug sl6a4tf /
OR5fzlQmdf dt jwflgs kmntf jf ckmntf lge/
x'G5 .

4
kfkm/ sL xj/_at_sf cg'f/ æljwfg bzsf
Dk"0f zfg k0ffnL rfng ugnfO hDdf ul/Psf
lgod xf, hn /sf/sf yfkgf Pj rfng /
/sf/nfO g zflt ub5Æ .Ø yfd kgsf cg'f/
æljwfg /sf/sf sfo xfOg, t/ hgtfn /sf/
agfpFb5g\ / /sf/ ljwfgs pkh xf .

oyfytfdf ljwfgn /sf/sf jwflgstf kbfg
ub5 . fy /sf/sf zlQmsf kl/eflift ub5,
haf6 /sf/n cfkm\gf sfo ub5 . ljwfgsf cy
u6 la6g afxs lnlvt lnvt nv/ /sf/sf
lhgf ug /sf/nfO yfut kdf ljsf u/fpg
lgod g ljwfg xf . csftkm ljwfgnfO
l4fGt l4fGtx hDdf ul/Psf lnvt klg elgG5 .
h'g hDdf ul/Psf l4fGtxdf /sf/sf zlQm, hgtfsf
clwsf/ tyf zfs / zfltaLrsf DaGw dfjz
ul/Psf x'G5 . ljwfgsf d"n p2Zo /sf/sf
jR5frfl/tfnfO Lldt ug' xf . osf cnfjf
hgtfsf clwsf/sf /Iff / fjefdzlQmsf kl/efiff
ug' g ljwfg xf .

ljwfg /fHo rfngsf nfuL geO gx'g d"n sfg"g
xf .
khftflGqs /sf/sf nflu ljwfg d"n af6f g
xf . hgtfsf clwsf/sf nflu ljwfg a yfssf
d'xfg g xf .
log d"naf6f / d'xfgaf6 /sf/ / hgtfsf clwsf/
Pj stJosf lhgf x'g ub5 . hsf kfngf /
sfofGjog ug' b'jsf stJo /xG5 .
olb /sf/n cfgf af6f la/fof eg jwflgs
efiffdf ckhftflGqs x'G5 . hgtfn klg cfgf
stJo la/ clwsf/ dfq dflu/x egklg ljwfg
d"n sfg"g Pj hljs x'g Sbg .

csflt/ cdl/sL n8fOsf jtGqtfsf kflKt /
kmGr qmflGtn jkyd æljwfgÆ (Constitution)
eGg zAbnfO gofF cy lbg sfd u/ .
gofF cydf ljwfgnfO bzsf jfRr lnvtsf
dfGotf lbOof . hn /sf/sf pRr clwsf/Lsf klg
pTklQ u/fof .
g\ ! df ha cdl/sL ljwfgsf klxnf dofbf
ul/of / kfl/t ul/of . Tokl5 a bzxdf gofF
ljwfgsf dofbf ug cfjZos 7flgof .

cdl/sL ljwfg jftjdf /sf/sf Dk"0f
k0ffnLsf Pp6f efu aGof . hn Jojyflksf /
jfRr cbfntsf dt sfd / clwsf/x tfSg sfd
uof .
kl5 w/ bzdf ljwfg agfOof . haf6 Pg
sfg"gsf lgdf0f ug bnfO lbg sfd eof .
To lsldsf Pg sfg"gsf JofVof ug sfd
cbfntsf x'g u/L pTklQ eof .

jftjdf _at_) cf ztfAbLsf dWolt/ of eGg yflnof
ls æljZjsf ax'dt dflgx /sf/sf k0ffnLleq ag
rfx .
sfosfl/0fL /sf/ Tolts dxTjk"0f x'Fb uof .
klZrdL o'/fksf bzxdf, lal6 sdg jNysf
bzxdf, cdl/sL bzxdf tyf sxL Nof6Lg cdl/sL
bzxdf dt jftljs jwflgs /sf/n dfq bz
l6Sg S5 eGg dx' eof .

cdl/sfdf sfFusf sfo /fHosf bsf sfo /
/fHosf lgod agfpg lgsfoxaLr åGå x'Fbf ltdLn
s'g klg ljwfg ljkl/t sfo uof eg ltdf
sfo ljwfgsf cufl8 ab/ x'G5 eGg Ddsf s'/fx
eP .
of s'/f Sofgf8f, cli6of, ef/t / cGo d'n'ssf
ljwfgxsf lgdf0f ePkl5 dt nfu" x'g yfNof .

Toltanf, o lsldsf bzx klg lyP ls, hxfF
ljwfgnfO c? fdfGo sfg'g /x zfwg dt ug
sfd uby .
o s'/fdf !( df Go'lhNof08 bvf kof . u6
la6g hxfF s'g Pp6f lËf lnvt 5g, lgod
sfg"gx of Vofdf 5/ki6 5l/Psf 5g\ .
Ton ToxfF s'g klg sfg"g zfwg ug sfg"gn
Lldttf nufPsf 5g .

11
_at_ ljwfgsf cfjZostf / dxTj (Important
Necessity of Constitution)

_at_! ljwfgsf cfjZostf
bz / hgtfsf fjefdQf ls6fg u/L /fHosf
cux?aLrdf zlQmkysLs/0f ub zlQm Gt'ng ug
ljwfgsf cfjZostf /xG5 .
zfs / zflt aLrsf DaGw clwsf/ / stJosf
kl/efiff ug /sf/sf j?k lgwf/0f ug,
dfgjclwsf/ / sfg"gL /fhsf kTofe"lt ug
zflGt'/Iff, cflys, fdflhs / fslts Gofo
lbnfpg ljwfgsf cfjZostf dx' ul/G5 .
on /fhgLlts ult/fw, jwflgs l/Qmtf /
z"Gotfsf cGTo ug klg Tolts cfjZos 7flgG5 .

12
ljwfg bzsf d"n sfg"g ePsfn osf dxTj c?
a9L 5 . on fjefd zlQmsf klxrfg u/L Tosf
cEofnfO ls6fg ug x'Fbf ljwfgsf dxTj a9L g
/xG5 .Øljwfgn hgtfsf fjefd Qfsf kofu
/ cEof ub bzsf Dk"0f zfg k0ffnLsf
rfng / yfkgf ub /fHo / gful/s aLrsf clwsf/
/ stJo sf Ldf /vf sfb5 .Ø on /fHosf
cux?sf j?k lgwf/0f ub ltgLx?sf DaGw, zlQm
Gt'ng u/L jtGq / Ifd Gofo k0ffnLsf yfkgf
ub5 . Ø dfgjclwsf/ / k jtGqtf Pj cflys /
fdflhs Gofo lbnfpg ljwfgsf 7"nf dxTj /xG5 .
_at__at_ ljwfgsf dxTj
13
khftflGqs ljwfgsf k"j ztx?
(Pre-conditions of Demotratic Constitution)

khftGqn cfkmdf sxL klg kTofe"lt ubg
(Democracy itself guarantees nothing) .
t/ khftGqn dflgsf v'L, jtGqtf / hLjgsf
cj/ kbfg ub5 . khftGqdf cj/ / r'gftL b'j
x'G5 .
odf fdflhs Gofo (Social Justice) cflys cj/
(Economic Opportunity) / JolQmut jtGqtf
(Individul Freedom) hgtfsf OR5f cg'f/ kTofe"lt
x'G5 .
logL l4fGtnfO cfwf/ dfGb khftflGqs ljwfgsf
lgdf0f ul/G5 .

14
khftflGqs ljwfgsf k"j ztx?

s_ khftflGqs ljwfgsf k"j ztx
! ljwfgjfb (Constitutionalism)
_at_ cfwf/e"t dfgjclwsf/ Pj dflns xs (Guarantee
of basic Human Rights)
sfg"gL zfg (Rule of Law)
zlQm Gt'ng / zlQm kysLs/0f (Seperation of
Power Check and Balance)
jtGq / Ifd Gofok0ffnL (Independent and
Competent Judiciary)
jR5 / jtGq lgjfrg (Fair Free Election)
jwflgs cËxaLrsf DaGw (Relation between
Constitutional Organs)

15
hgtfdf fjefdQf (Absolute
Sovereignty) ( sfosfl/0fL / /fhsLo Qf hgtfdf
(Executive Ruling Power to the People) !)
sfg"gsf cufl8 dfgtf (Equality before the
Law) !! oyflrt Ifltk"lt (Due Process of
Law) !_at_ ax'dtsf zfg (Majority Rule) !
cNkdtsf clwsf/ (Minority Rights) ! Lldt /sf/
(Limited Government) ! /fhglts, cflys /
fdflhs ax'njfb (Social, Economic Political
Pluralism)
16
-v_ khftflGqs ljwfgsf /fhglts l4fGtx?

! khftflGqs jf nfstflGqs u0ftGq
_at_ bLo jf u/ bLo /fi6ktLo zfg k4lt
k"0f /fi6ktLo jf cw /fi6ktLo k4lt
k"0f kwfgdGqLo k4lt jf cw kwfgdGqLo k4lt
PsfTds jf 3Lo zfg k4lt
k"0f 3Lo jf cw 3Lo zfg k4lt
kToIf kdf /fi6klt jf kwfgdGqLsf lgjfrg
hgtfdf k"0f fjefdQf
( k"0f k jtGqtf

!) ax'bnLo kltikwfTds zfg k0ffnL
!! wflds jtGqtf
!_at_ v'nf cygLlt
! fdflhs Pj cflys v'nfkg
! dfjzL nfstGq
! kToIf khftGq jf ckToIf khftGq
! kToIf lgjfrg k4lt jf ckToIf lgjfrg k4lt
! yfgLo, IfqLo jfoQtf
cflb khftflGqs ljwfgsf jwflgs Pj /fhglts
k"j ztx? x'g\ .

18
-u_ khftflGqs ljwfg lgdf0f ug tl/sf

ljZjsf sl/a _at_!( /fi6xdf xg xf eg ljwfg
lgdf0f ug tl/sf km/skm/s blvG5g\ .
! ljwfgef -_at__ /fi6
_at_ cfofu
Ddng
/fhgLlts lg0fo
/fhgLlts dembf/L
cbfntL lg0foaf6 ljslt u//
kyf, k/Dk/f, krngnfO cfTdfy u// ljwfg
lgdf0f ug lsG5 .

aeGbf j1flgs k0ffnL ljwfgef g xf .
odf bzdf afaf ug x/s Ifq, ju, wd,
ju, kzf, dlxnf, blnt, cNkVos, pTkLl8t, lglZrt
e"efudf ag cNkVos j4, hflt, hghflt dtsf
kltlglwTj u/fO xefuL u/fpg x'Fbf an
ljwfgklt ckgTj /fVb5g\ .
pgLxn jfldTj (Ownership) kfKt ub5g\ .
fxL adflhd xefuL / kltlglwTj agfpg sfd
ul/G5 sfxL klg xfg sfd x'Fbg .

a zlQm ljwfg lgdf0f klqmofdf xefuL eO
cfcfgf PhG8fx ljwfgdf /fVg sfd ub5g\ .
blIf0f clkmsf, k"jL l6df/, sGof, aflnleof
cflb /fi6df ljwfgefsf nflu xhf/f PhG8fx
sng ul/Psf lyof .
gkfndf _at_)) fn / _at_) fndf ljwfgefsf rrf
ul/Fb5 .

cfofuaf6 aGg ljwfgn afl4s jusf / x'g
vfg jusf kltlglwTj ug x'Fbf asf
kltlglwTj / xeflutf kfOFbg .
on låtLo ftaf6 fduLx sng u/L ljwfg
lgdf0f ub5 . on of Tolt Jojxf/jfbL ljwfg
x'g Sbg .
Ddng, /fhgLlts lg0fo, dembf/L cbfntL lg0fo,
kyf k/Dk/f, krng sjn 36gf (Event) df cfwfl/t
x'g x'Fbf Jojxf/jfbL eP klg eljiojfbL ljwfg
gaGg Sb5 .

22
ljwfgef / gful/ssf e"ldsf (The Role of
Citizens and Constituent Assembly)

! ljwfgef
!! ljwfgef (Constituent Assembly)

jftjdf ljwfgef eGgfn ljwfg lgdf0f ug
efnfO elgG5 .
ljwfgef hgtfåf/f lgjflrt x'G5 .
hgtfsf OR5fcg'f/ ljwfg agfOG5 . ljwfg efn
cfgf clwjzg af/Daf/ afnfpF5 .
ljwfg dofbf ldltn dofbf u/sf 8fkm\6nfO
kfl/t ug ub5 .
kfl/t u/sf ljwfgnfO ljwfgefn hf/L dt
ub5 .

csftkm ljwfg lgdf0f ubf osf vf otf
Ldf /xG5 eGg 5g .
ljwfgefn htf /fhglts k0ffnL ckgfpg cg'dlt
lbG5, fxL ksf/sf ljwfgsf lgdf0f x'g
ub5 . htf's zfg k0ffnLsf ljwfg agfOlbg
clwsf/ ljwfgefdf /xg ub5 .
onfO s'g aGbh geO jtGqtfk"js sfd ug lbOg'
kg x'G5 .

ljwfgefn htf's ljwfg lgdf0f u/klg a
zlQm Pj fwf/0f hgtf dtn kfngf ug'kg
x'G5 .
Ton dfcfjfbL tyf hgdfrfn lgzt
ljwfgefsf dfu u/sf x'g\ .
t/ _at_! cf ztfAbLdf ljwfgef lgMzt eGbf
tlxtsf x'g' h?/L 7flgG5 .

26
!_at_ ljwfgefsf cflrTo (Justification of
Constituent Assembly)

jftjdf ljwfgefsf cflrTo Toltv/ x'G5,
hltv/ k'/fgf zfg k4ltsf cGTo eO gofF zfg
k4ltaf6 zfg rfng ug cfjZos x'G5 .
Tot s'g /fHo pklgjzaf6 jtGqtf kfO jtGq
fjefd /fi6sf kdf /xg cjyf ePdf, /fHo
6'lqmPdf, /fHo ljno ePdf, hgcfGbfng dfkmt
ljwfg jf zfg k0ffnL cGTo ug hgcfGbfngsf
efjgf cleJoQm ePdf, hgtfsf qmflGtaf6 /fHosf
k'g/rgf ug OR5f hfx/ ePdf ljwfgef dfkmt
gofF ljwfgsf cflrTo /xG5 .

gkfndf bff hgcfGbfng dfkmt hgtfn
ljwfgef dfkmt gofF ljwfg agfO nfstflGqs
u0ftGq yfkgf ug hgefjgf cleJoQm u/sf lyP .
fxL adflhd kltlglwefsf k'gM yfkgfnfO
ljwfgef dfkmt gofF ljwfg agfpg eGg bdf
h?/L ktfj kz u/L bkmfjf/ 5nkmn eO jDdtaf6
kfl/t ePsf lyof .
o cjyfdf ljwfgefDd hfFbf cGtl/d zfg ljwfg
agfP/ hfg _at_) fnsf ljwfgnfO g zfwg u/L
ljwfgef dfkmt gofF ljwfg agfpg eGg kZg
klg TolQs p7kl5 cGtl/d ljwfg agfP/
ljwfgefdf hfg lg0fo eof .
fxL adflhd cGtl/d ljwfg _at_) hf/L ul/of .

28
! ljwfgefsf ft (Source of Constituent
Assembly)

ljwfgefsf ft hgtfsf /fhglts zlQm xf .
hgcfGbfng jf hgtfåf/f qmflGt ljwfgefsf nflu
ft aGb5 .
/fhgLlts zlQmxaLrsf dembf/L klg ljwfgefsf
nflu ft x'g S5 .
jtdfg cjyfdf dfcfjfbL / cfGbfngsf/L bnxFu
x'g /fhglts xdltaf6 agsf cGtl/d ljwfg klg
ljwfgefsf nflu alnof ft agsf 5 .
bsf 3fif0ffdf klg ft aGg Sb5 t/ onfO
cGtl/d ljwfg dfkmt jwflgs jwtf lbOlsPsf
5 .

29
! ljwfgefsf nIo (Goal of Constituent
Assembly)

ef/tsf ljwfgefsf nIo jtGq ef/t / ef/tLo
hgtfåf/f r'lgPsf kltlglwx dfjz ePsf
khftflGqs nfstGq yfkgf ug' lyof .
k"jL l6df/sf ljwfgefsf p2Zo
cfklgjlzstfaf6 jtGqtf kfKt u/L jtGq fjefd
5'6\6 /fHo agfpg'df /xsf lyof . kfNof08df
khftflGqs /sf/sf yfkgf ug' lyof .
blIf0f clkmsfsf ljwfgefsf nIo jR5frf/L /
cNkVos uf/fxsf lg/s'z zfg Jojyfsf cGTo
ug' lyof / khftflGqs u0ftGqfTds zfg k4ltsf
yfkgf ug' lyof .

cdl/sL ljwfgefsf Ddng lal6 zfgaf6
jtGqtf kfKt u/L khftflGqs u0ftGq yfkgf ug'df
/xsf lyof .
Sofgf8fsf ljwfgefsf nIo jtGqtf kfKt u/L
u0ftGqfTds -khftflGqs_ zfg Jojyf rnfpg'
lyof .
c6lnof dt jtGq fjefd /fi6 aGg'df lyof .

fleot 3df hf/ df6xsf lg/s'z Jojyfsf
cGTo u/L dfhjfbL 3fTds u0f/fHo yfkgf ugsf
lgldQ lyof .
kflstfg / aunfbzsf ljwfgefsf nIo jtGq
fjefd /fi6 yfkgf ug' lyof .
aflnleof, duflnsf, sfnlDaof cflb jtGq
/fi6sf kdf /xg' lyof .
gkfnsf ljwfgefsf nIo nfstflGqs 3Lo
u0ftGq yfkgf ug' xf .

32
! ljwfgefsf p2Zo (Objective of
Constituent Assembly)

fdfGo cydf ljwfgef sfg"g lgdf0f ug b\
xfOg .
of ef afXo bLo cu xf .
osf d'Vo p2Zo ljwfgsf dofbf ug' xf,
ljwfgsf cg'dfbg ub hf/L ug d'Vo p2Zo
/xG5 .
osf lglZrt dosf nflu dfq u7g ePsf x'G5 .
on ljwfgsf dfq kl/jtg gu/L u/ jwflgs
s'/fsf dt kl/jtg Nofpg sfd ub5 .

33
! ljwfgef g lsg lt (Why a Constituent
Assembly ?)

jwflgs l/Qmtf k"lt ug, of cfjZos x'G5 .
hdgdf bff ljZjo'4df gfhLxsf xf/kl5
jwflgs z"Gotf k"/f ug, jL6\h/Nof08df gful/s
o'4sf cGTo ug, blIf0f clkmsfdf cNkVossf
zfg cGTo ug, kgdf lg/s'z kmflGsf
kmfGsf cGTo kl5 jwflgs ult/fw cGTo ug,
ef/tdf lal6 pklgjz cGTo ug, cdl/sfdf,
fjefd jtGq /fi6 yfkgf ug, gkfndf /fhfsf
lg/s'z zfg cGTo / dfcfjfbLsf hgo'4sf cGTo
ug ljwfgef cfjZos /xsf blvG5 .

34
! cGtl/d ljwfgadflhd cGtl/d /sf/ (Interim
Governemnt According to Interim Constitution)

blIf0f clkmsf, ef/t, k"jL l6df/ cflb bzsf
cg'ejnfO ufNb bsf 3fif0ffkqsf cfwf/df
cGtl/d ljwfg _at_) lgdf0f u/L gofF cGtl/d
ljwfg nfu" ul/Psf 5 .
of ljwfgefsf klxnf k"jfwf/ xf .
o lsldsf /fhgLlts lg0fo, xdlt / dembf/Lsf
cfwf/df d'n'snfO /fhgLlts lgsf lbb hfg' kb5 .

jbnLo /sf/n dfcfjfbLFu /fhgLlts jftf u/L
ft bn / dfcfjfbLaLrsf jftfsf xdltaf6
dfcfjfbLdtsf cGtl/d /sf/ agfO fxL cGtl/d
/sf/n cGtl/d ljwfgsf lgdf0f u/L k'gyflkt
b / _at_) fnsf ljwfg vf/h u/L cGtl/d
ljwfg _at_) nfu" ul/Psf xf .
ljwfgef dfkmt gofF ljwfgsf lgdf0f /
lgjfrg DkGg u/L lgjflrt /sf/ lhgf kl5
cGtl/d /sf/ eË x'g ub5 .

36
! ljwfgefsf r/0f (Stage of Constituent
Assembly)

ljwfgefsf r/0fnfO em08 em08 ( r/0fDd xg
lsG5 . hdfM
! åGå Jojyfkgsf r/0f
_at_ gful/s lzIffsf r/0f
lgjfrgsf r/0f
lgjfrgk"jsf r/0f
lgjfrgsf r/0f
lgjfrgkl5sf r/0f
ljwfgefsf u7gsf r/0f
ljwfg dofbfsf r/0f
fdfuL sngsf r/0f
ljwfg kl/dflht ug r/0f
cg'dfbgsf r/0f
( hf/L u/L nfu" ub cfjlws lgjfrgsf r/0f

37
!! åGå Jojyfkgsf r/0f (The Stage of
Conflict Mangement)

ljwfgef qmflGtåf/f gofF /fHo Qf kflKtsf
cjyfdf, k'/fgf /fHoQfsf dflKtkl5 gofF /fHo
Qf rfng ug'kg cjyf ePdf /fHo 6'lqmP/ gofF
/fHosf kfb"efj ePdf, pklgjzaf6 jtGqtf kflKt
ePdf ljwfgefsf dfWodaf6 gofF ljwfgsf
lgdf0f x'g ub5 .
o r/0fdf åGåsf Jojyfkg ug bfloTj cGtl/d
/sf/sf /xG5 .

åGådf dfl/Psf, akQf ePsf, 3/jf/laxLg ePsf,
anfTsf/, xTof, lxf, 3/af/ 5f8L cfGtl/s kdf
ljyflkt ePsfxsf oyfy TotYosf hfFra'em
(Truth Fact) ug TotYo hfFra'em cfofu (Truth
Commission) sf u7g u/L cfofusf kltjbgsf
cfwf/df oyflrt Ifltk"lt, bfifL pk/ hfo,
hl/jfgf ug'kb5 .
qmd0fsfnLg Gofo (Transitional Justice) lbPkl5
xltof/ Jojyfkg, k'gjf, axt\ zflGt Demftf
(Comprehensive Peace Accord) u/L osf sfofGjog
ePkl5 /sf/sf pklylt bzsf s'gfs'gfdf dt
x'g'kb5 .
kTos JolQm, dfh / kl/jf/sf '/Iffsf
kTofe"lt ePkl5 dfq ljwfgsf klxnf åGå
Jojyfkg (Conflict Management) nfO Jojlyt
x'G5 .

ljwfgefdf klxnf jR5 z'?jft (Fresh Start)
x'G5 . cGoyf åGå Jojyfkg ePg eg bz ljv08gtkm
pGd'v x'g 8/ dt kbf x'g ub5 .
o anf /sf/n ljjsDdt 9un sfd ug'kg
x'G5 .
oxL r/0fdf bzdf ag hfthflt, hghflt, wd, j0f,
efiffeflif, cNkVos, lsfg, dhb'/, dlxnf blnt
cflbsf dfu / dofx /sf/sf PhG8fsf kdf
sng u/L Dafwg ug'kg x'G5 .

ljwfgefdf kt't ug jrga4tf dt DalGwt
kIfnfO lbPkl5 ljwfgefsf bff r/0f z'?
x'G5 .
gkfndf xltof/ Jojyfkg, zflGt '/Iff, To lgk0f
cfofusf 5fglag hdf !) jif hgo'4df !,_at_
d/sf, ()) akQf, !))) 3fOt, t/fOdf _at_ hgfsf
xfbt, bff hgcfGbfngdf _at_! hgfsf dTo' /
xhf/f cueusf /fodfemL cfofusf sfofGjog
cflb åGå Jojyfkg ug lsPsf 5g .

41
!_at_ gful/s lzIffsf r/0f (The Stage of Civic
Education)

x/s d'n'sdf ljwfgefsf lgjfrg k"j sDtLdf
klg dlxgf hlt gful/sxnfO ljwfgefaf6 s/L
ljwfg lgdf0f ul/G5 .
PhG8f s/L 5gf6 ug, lgjfrgdf s/L kltlglwTj
u/fpg, bzsf k'g/rgf s/L ug eGg af/df
gful/s lzIff lbnfpg sfd x'G5 .
ljwfg /sf/ jf s'g clehft juaf6 lbg geO
hgtf cfkm xefuL eO ljwfg lgdf0f ug
s'/fsf gful/s lzIff lbg'kg x'G5 .

odf hfthflt, hghflt, wd, j0f, dlwz ju, kzf,
lsfg, dhb'/, dlxnf, pTkLl8t, blntblv fdfGo
aflnuxnfO ljwfgefsf af/df gful/s lzIff
sxL, Pglhcf, INGO n z'?jft u/klg ()Ü hgtf
ljwfgef egsf s xf lt
eGg af/df g cgle1 blvG5g\ . logLxnfO
k"0fkdf lzIff glbOsg ljwfgefsf tf r/0f
z'? x'g Sbg .
gful/s lzIff, dtkq, dtbfgsf tl/sf, do,
kojIf0f, dtbfg sGb, pDdbjf/ stf 5fGg,
/fhgLlts, cflys PhG8f s x'g, /fHosf
k'g/rgf stf x'g lgjfrg k4lt s x'g lt
ljwfg, ljwfgef egsf s xf Todf gful/s
lzIff, /sf/, / u/ /fHo kIfdtaf6 lbnfPkl5
bff r/0f dfKt x'g ub5 / d'n'sn tf
r/0fdf kjz ub5 .

43
! lgjfrgsf r/0f (The Stage of Electoral
Mechanism)

ljwfgefsf lgjfrg jR5, jtGq / lgikIf
x'g'kb5 eGg dfGotf /xG5 .
/fHo kIf / åGå/t kIfaLr xltof/sf Jojyfkg ub
xltof/ o'Qm /fi63 htf 3yfxsf
/fxj/df Jojyfkg u/L eo/lxt jftfj/0f / zflGt
'/Iffsf k"0f kTofe"lt of r/0fdf x'g'kb5 .

lgjfrg k4lt stf x'g, cNkVos dtsf lgjfrg
efu lng jftfj/0f x'g'kg, lgjfrgFu DalGwt
Pg sfg"g, lgod cfrf/lxtf, ljwfgef cbfnt,
Pg, jtGq lgjfrg cfofusf u7g, lgjfrg Ifq
lgwf/0f cfofudf a zlQm / kIfnfO dfjz ug
u/L Ifq lgwf/0f ug'kg sfd o r/0fdf /xG5 .
gkfnsf Gbedf klg oL a s'/f oyflrt dodf
ePsf v08df dfq ljwfgef dod x'gS5 .

45
! ljwfgefsf u7gsf r/0f (The Stage of
Formation of Constituent Assembly)

lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f cfofun lgjfrg Ifq
lgwf/0f ub5 .
lgjfrg cofun lgjfrg DkGg u/kl5
ljwfgefsf u7g x'G5 .

of r/0fdf ljwfgefsf cWoIf / pkfWoIfsf rog,
ljwfg dofbf ldltsf u7g, fGbles k'ts,
nv, /rgf / l4fGt sng ug ldlt, Nnfxsf/
ldlt, ljzif ldlt, cflys ldlt, kfljlws
ldlt, htf y'k ldltsf u7g o r/0fdf x'g
ub5 .
gkfndf dofbf ldltsf dfq sNkgf ul/Psf
blvG5 .

47
! fdfuL sngsf r/0f (The Stage of
Litrature Collection)

ljwfg lgdf0f ubf rflxg, låtLo ft, ljleGg
bzsf ljwfg, jwflgs l4fGt nv k'tssf
sng ug Ps r/0f x'G5 eg csfr/0f, kfylds
tYo sngsf r/0f /xG5 .
odf bzsf s'gfs'gfdf ef, ufi7L, ldgf/,
cGtlqmof, cGtjftf, hgdt ux, 5nkmn, cWoog,
cg'Gwfg u/L tYo sng ul/g r/0f xf .

o dodf hgtfsf k"0f xeflutf dxTjk"0f
7flgG5 . hgtfsf x/s dfuxsf sng u/L
ljwfgefdf dt kz ug ul/G5 .
odf ljleGg pkldltx u7g ug, ljwfg lj1fxFu
fwk'5 ug, ljleGg ktfj hgtfdIf nhfg,
gful/s dfhdIf k'Ug, dfh JolQm kl/jf/ / 3/
bnfDd k'uL bzsf hNbfaNbf d'2fx sng ul/G5 .
blIf0f clkmsfdf _at_))) PhG8fx sng ul/Psf
lyof eg ef/tdf _at_))) PhG8fnfO OGsf/ u/L ))
PhG8fnfO zfwg lxt dfjz ul/Psf lyof .

49
! dofbfsf r/0f (The Stage of Drafting
Mechanism)

of r/0f ljwfg lgdf0f ug rflxg cfjZos
fduLx sng u/kl5 dofbf ldltn ljwfgsf
dofbf ug sfd ub5 .
cflys, PhG8fsf ldlt, /fhgLlt PhG8fsf
pkldlt, hG8/, hflt, hghflt pkldlt, cNkVos
pkldlt, dfgjclwsf/ pkldlt, lgs pkldlt, 3Lo
pkldlt, kfl1s pkldlt, cg'Gwfg pkldlt dt
ljwfgsf dofbfdf cfgf e"ldsf lgefpFb
dofbf ub5g\ .
pQm dofbfnfO ljwfg efdf kz ub PhG8fdf
bkmfjf/ 5nkmn u/fpFb kTos wf/fnfO kfl/t ub
hfg ul/G5 .

50
! ljwfg kl/dflht ug r/0f (The Stage of
Amendment of Constitution)

of r/0fdf ljwfgef cbfntsf 7"nf e"ldsf
/xG5 .
of cbfntn dofbf ePsf ljwfgnfO kl/dflht
ug, yk36 ug, vf/h ug, zfwg ug, JofVof
ug cflb sfd u/L ljwfgnfO pTsi6 agfpg sfd
ul/G5 .

51
! cg'dfbgsf r/0f (The Stage of
Ratification)

dofbf ldltn kz u/sf kTos wf/f, ktfjgf
/ pkwf/fnfO bkmfjf/ kdf ljwfgefn 5nkmn u/L
kfl/t ub hfG5 .
Pp6f pTsi6 ljwfg lgdf0f u/kl5 pQm
ljwfgnfO ljwfgefn jDdt tj/af6 kfl/t
ug'kg x'G5 .
olb jDdtaf6 kfl/t x'g gs _at_/ ax'dtaf6 kfl/t
ug'kb5 .
olb _at_/ ax'dtn klg kfl/t gePdf hgdt uxdf uO
fwf/0f ax'dtaf6 ljwfg kfl/t u/L /fi6klt jf
/fi6kd'vaf6 xtfIf/ u/L nfu" ul/G5 .

52
!( bsf lgjfrgsf r/0f (The Stage of
Parliamentry Election)

ljwfgefn agfPsf ljwfgadflhd g clGtd kdf
bsf lgjfrg u/kl5 ljwfgefsf Dk"0f r/0f
dfKt ePsf dflgG5 .

53
_at_ ljwfgefdf gful/ssf e"ldsf (The Role of
Citizens in Constituent Assembly)_at_! lgjfrg
k"jsf e"ldsf (Pre-Election)

ljwfg lgdf0f klqmofdf lj1xsf ljrf/,
/sf/sf gLltlgod adflhd ljwfg agfObf sjn
x'g vfgsf nflu dfq ljwfg aGg S5 .
Ton bzsf fdflhs, cflys / /fhgLlts d"n
kjfxaf6 ldfGt ju w aflxl/g / dflyaf6 ljrf/
nflbg x'Fbf ljwfg lgdf0f klqmofdf hg
xeflutf cfjZos 7flgG5 .

gkfnsf 5 j6 ljwfg lj1xn agfpg sfd eof .
dWodjuLo, fdflhs d"NodfGotf, slt / pgLxsf
jfynfO xl/Pg .
fdflhs, cflys / /fhgLlts cdfgtf a9\b uPsf
sf/0faf6 gkfndf ljwfglgdf0f klqmofdf
hgxeflutf cfjZos 7flgof .
/fHosf k'g/rgfdf xefuL geO ldfGt jusf
xeflutf a9\g x'Fbf osf clgjfotf 7flgof .
ljwfgefaf6 aGg ljwfg /fhfsf alS, lgufx
jf /sf/sf OR5f, cfsfIff cg'f/ geO hgtfx
cfkm nUg eO cfgf 3/ cfkm lgdf0fsf nflu
ljwfgefsf af6f to ul/Psf 5 .

xeflutf (Participation) egsf ljwfgefsf
lgjfrgdf kltlglw 5gf6 u/L dtbfg ug sfo dfq
xfOg .
odf bzdf ag dlxnf, blnt, dwz, pTkLl8t, hflt,
hghflt, wd, j0f, ju, kzf, cNkVos Vofsf
efuflns Ifq dtsf dofdfly bze/ 5nkmn, ax,
k/fdz, ufi7L, cGtlqmof u/L /fhgLlts, fdflhs,
clys, fslts kl/jtgxnfO cfTdft u/L
ljwfgdf dfjz ug hgxeflutf cfjZos kb5 .
khftGqsf 'b9Ls/0f u/L cflys, fdflhs, Gofo
kbfg ub /fhgLlts d"n kjfxdf ldfGt ju
dtnfO dfjz (Inclusion) u/fpg' klg TolQs
dxTj /xG5 .
ljwfg lgdf0fdf cfgf /fo, 'emfj /fVg dt
pgLxnfO dy u/fpg' xf .

ljwfg lgdf0f klqmofdf lgjfrg k"j gful/ssf
e"ldsf x'g'kg d'Vo sf/0fx x'g S5g\M
cflys Gofo kflKt
fdflhs Gofo kflKt
/fhgLlts d"n kjfxdf dfjzL
klxrfgsf kflKt
hflt, hghflt, cflbjfLxsf fdflhs, fslts
k/Dk/fsf kltlglwTjsf nflu hgxeflutf cfjZos
/xg x'Fbf dfunfO efufi7L, ofnL, x8\tfn,
cGt/lqmofdf a'nGb ug'k5 .

haDd pklIft jun ljwfgefdf cfgf cfjfhnfO
a'nGb u/L cfgf ljrf/ hfx/ ubgg\, taDd
ljwfgefn pgLxsf fdflhs, cflys Gofosf
ljifo"rLnfO sfo"rLdf /fVg sNkgf ug
Sbgg\ .
haDd pklIft junfO k"0f dfg'kflts
kltlglwTjsf lgjfrg k0ffnL /fHon to ug
Sbg, taDd pgLx /fHosf /fhgLlts d"n kjfxdf
xeflutf x'g eGg sNkgf klg ug lsbg .
of Toltv/ Dej x'G5 hltv/ hgtfnfO /fHosf
yfut /rgf, /fhgLlts kslt, /fhgLlts bn tyf
fdflhs Pj yfsf e"ldsf / gful/ssf kdf
pgLx/sf xslxtsf af/df hfut u/fOG5 .
pgLx cfgf efiff, wd / sltnfO ljwfgdf
dfGotf kbfg u/sf bVg rfxG5g\ .

clxn hfthflt, hghflt, Ifq, wd, ju, dhb'/
lsfg, kzf, dlxnf, pTkLl8t Ifqsf klxrfg u/L
pgLxnfO oyi7 5nkmn u/fO, pgLxsf Ifdtf
pT'stfnfO / uDeL/tffy lnO pgLxsf clwsf/
'/lIft ub sfofGjog ul/of eg hgxeflutfd"ns
ljwfgsf lgdf0f x'g Sb5 .
cGoyf ljwfg, jwflgs l4fGt / sfg"gL btfjh
afxs sxL x'g Sbg .
Ton pgLx aLr fdflhs, Demftf dt u/L
pgLxnfO d"n kjfxdf dfjz u/sf v08df dfq
nfstflGqs dfjzL khftGqn fsf/ k kfpg S5 .
lgjfrg k"j gful/ssf e"ldsfdf oL s'/fnfO Wofg
lbg'k5 .

59
_at__at_ lgjfrg dosf e"ldsf(On-Election)

ljwfgefsf lgjfrgsf dodf gful/ssf e"ldsf
'/Iffsf kTofe"lt lbnfpg e"ldsf
clwstd dt vfpg' kg e"ldsf
dt vfNg / aGb x'g dosf hfgsf/L /fVg e"ldsf
dtbftf gfdfjnL b'?t ug e"ldsf
bnsf cfrf/lxtfsf af/df hfgsf/L lng e"ldsf
lgjfrgdf gful/ssf pklyltsf e"ldsf

3/n' tyf ljbzL kojIfsx? kaGw ug e"ldsf
Ifd pDdbjf/sf rog ug e"ldsf
dt u0fgf ubfsf e"ldsf
dtbftfsf e"ldsf
zlQmsf ftsf e"ldsf
klzIfs Pj klzIf0fsf/L e"ldsf
Nnfxsf/L e"ldsf
/Ifssf e"ldsf /
rtssf e"ldsf cflb .

61
_at_ lgjfrg kl5sf e"ldsf (Post-Election)

klxnf r/0f M /fi6JofkL kdf 5nkmndf xefuL,
ljwfgsf l4fGt / p2Zoxsf klxrfg
bff r/0f M ljwfgsf dofbfsf
ljifojt'xdf fjhlgs 5nkmnxdf efu lng, 'emfj
/ /fo lbg r/0f
tf r/0f M /fhgLlts, cflys, fdflhs,
fFslts ljifosf d"Nofsg ug r/0f
rfyf r/0f M ljwfg hf/L ubf, cg'dfbg
ug'kbf hgdt uxdf efu lng r/0f cflb osf
r/0fx x'g\ .

62
ljwfgef / lgjfrg k0ffnL (Constituent
Assembly and Electoral System)! ljwfgefsf
dxTj (Importance of Constituent Assembly)

ljwfgefdf fjefdDkGg hgtfaf6 ljwfgsf
lgdf0f ug ul/G5 .
of clt ljlzi6 fjefd x'g x'Fbf osf dxTj
Jofks 5 .

of ljwflosf xfOg, jwflgs ldfleq afFlwPsf
x'Fbg . osf jwflgstfsf jwtf hfFRg' sl7g
x'G5 .
on jwflgs s6, jwflgs l/Qmtf /
ult/fwsf cGTo ug' g ljwfgefsf jBtf
x'G5 .
osf dxTj of x'G5, hdf Pp6f zfg k0ffnLsf
cGTo / tyf zfg k0ffnLsf pbonfO jwflgs
ldfdf afFWg x'gfn osf 7"nf dxTj /xG5 .

ljBdfg k0ffnLsf cGTo eO gofF k0ffnLsf pbo
x'g dodf ljwfgefnfO hgtfsf cfTdlg0fosf
jksf kdf (To frame an acceptable constitution
as the only method of applying the principle of
self determination) of fjefd (Sovereign body)
/fhglts ksltsf (Political nature) x'G5 . of
afXo b\ (Extra Parliament) x'G5 .
of jclwg, jrflnt / k"0f khftflGqs (It is
as self governing and self determining body and
any kind of imposition from outside will not be
welcomed.)" (Nehru, 1946) x'G5 .

on /fli6o Pstf (National Unity) nfO hf8
lbG5 .
k"0f hgdtsf sb/ ub5 .
tTsfn ljBdfg /xsf /fhglts / sfg"gL k0ffnLsf
cGTo ub gofF jknfO ux0f ubf Toltv/ /fi6
g kj kL8fdf 56\kl6g S5 .
jR5 aRrf hGdfPkl5 /fHosf k'g/rgf x'g hfG5 .
haf6 sNof0fsf/L /fHosf yfkgf x'g Sg x'Fbf
osf 7"nf dxTj 5 .

66
_at_ ljwfgefsf cEof (Exercises of Constituent
Assembly)

ljwfgefsf dfWodaf6 ljwfg lgdf0f ug cEof
g\ ! df cdl/sfsf lkmnf8lNkmofsf
DdngnfO klxnf Ddng g dfGg'kg x'G5 .
xfnsf jwflgs klqmofnfO xg xf eg
TonfO sjn Ddng dfq eGg ul/G5 .

tklg pn agfPsf ljwfgn xfnDd cdl/sfdf sfd
ul//xs 5 .
t/ pQm ljwfgn k"0f k lngnfO xfnDd _at_ cf
k6s zfwg dt ug'k/sf 5 .
Tokl5 g\ ! df Sofgf8fdf xfp ckm sdGnfO
ljwfgef dflgof .

pQm efn agfPsf ljwfgnfO bn kfl/t u/L
hf/L ul/of .
cfh klg pQm ldltdf lgdf0f ePsf ljwfgnfO
æSo"as DdngÆ sf gfdn kVoft /xsf 5 .
ci6lnog ljwfg agfpFbf aeGbf klxn g\ !
sf _at_ dfrdf 68nfO8df asf a7sn sdg jNy
PS6 (Common Wealth Act) sf dofbf uof .
kl5 g\ !( dfr ! df dnafgdf ePsf Ddngn
pQm ljwosnfO clGtd k lbP/ ljwfg hf/L
ul/of .

Tot blIf0f clkmsfsf ljwfgefsf klxnf
clwjzg g\ !() sf cS6fa/df 8/afgdf ePsf
lyof .
clGtd clwjzg \g !()( sf h"g dlxgfdf afnf
Pdkmf6Lgdf eof . efn a zfwgnfO jLsf/
uof .
ljwfg lgdf0fs qmddf g\ !( df fleot ?sf
8\o"dfsf kyd clwjzg z'? eof t/ kl5 lj36g
eof .
g\ !( sf dfr dlxgfdf clvn ?L sfusf
clwjzg eof, hdf dfhjfbL 3fTds fleot
u0f/fHo yfkgf ugsf lgldQ Ps ljwfgsf dofbf
tof/ ug ljifodf 5nkmn eof .
!( df gofF ljwfg hgdt uxåf/f kfl/t
ul/of . Tot ef/tLo ljwfgsf dofbf ldltn
g\ !( blv !(( Dd tof/ uof .

g\ !(( df ljwfgefn clGtd k lbPkl5 g\ !()
blv ljwfg nfu" eof .
kflstfgdf ljwfgefn ljwfgsf lgdf0f dt
ug sg .
hdgsf jfOd/ ljwfg, blIf0f clkmsf, ?,
ci6lnof, kflstfg, Sofgf8f, cli6of htf s'g
klg d'n's ljwfgsf lgdf0f sjn jtGqtf kfKt
u/kl5 cyjf Pp6f /fhgLlts k0ffnL dfKt ePkl5
z'Go dodf Ddng, b hgdt ux tyf
ljwfgefsf dfWodaf6 ljwfgsf lgdf0f u//
nfu" u/sf kfOG5 .

cdl/sf / ef/tLo ljwfg afxs a ljwfg w/
jif nfu" x'g sgg\ .
ef/tdf kflstfg km'6/ cnu /fi6 aGg' k/sf
bVg'kof .
Ton clnslt od / ljjs k'ofPg eg
ljwfgefn agfPsf ljwfgn /fi6sf lj36g /
cly/tf hGdfpg Sg Tolts kL8fbfoL b'Mvb do
hGdfpg Sb5 .
ljjsk"0f tyf a'l4dtfk"0f tj/n ljwfg
lgdf0f ubf lal6 fdfHojfbLsf kdf /xsf
cuhnfO x6fP/ cdl/sf / ef/tn jtGqtfk"js
cfkmn zfg Jojyf rnfPsf pbfx/0f klg Tolts
HjnGt 5g\ .

72
lgjfrg k0ffnL (Electoral System)

ca gkfndf ljwfgefsf lgjfrg klqmofdf hfFbf
hgcfGbfngdf cleJoQm hgefjgf tyf em08 s/f8
hgtfsf cfjfh ljwfgefdf s/L k'ofpg eGg
s'/fdf 7"nf ljrf/ k'ofpg'kg x'G5 .
pko'Qm lgjfrg k0ffnL / l6 ª\Vof /fd/L
5'6\ofpg lsPg eg Ton ljwfgefsf vf
cflrTo x'g Sbg .

ljZjsf Gbedf xg xf eg -!_ a9L dt lgjfrg
k2lt, -_at__ ax'dt lgjfrg k2lt -_ dfg'kflt
lgjfrg k2lt -_ cw dfg'kflt lgjfrg k2lt -_
ax'l6 lgjfrg k2lt /xsf kfOG5 .
oxfF cGtl/d ljwfgsf bff zfwg dtn
ljwfgefsf u7g / osf lgjfrg k2ltnfO s
s/L cFufnsf 5 .
To DaGwdf oxfF rrf ug kof ul/Psf 5 .

74
! cGtl/d ljwfg _at_) df ljwfgefsf
jwflgs kfjwfg (The Constitutional Provision
of Constituent Assembly, 2063 (2007)

-!_ ljwfgefsf u7g (Formatin of Constituent
Assembly)

gkfnsf cGtl/d ljwfg _at_) sf wf/f _at_ -!_ n
gkfnL hgtf cfkmn gofF ljwfgsf lgdf0f ug
cGtl/d ljwfgsf clwgdf /xL Ps ljwfgefsf u7g
x'g5 eGg Jojyf ul/Psf 5 .
ljwfgefdf dfg hgVof / efuflns cg's"ntf
tyf ljblzi7tfsf cfwf/df
dwzdf hgVofdf kltztsf cfwf/df ldlgtt lgjfrg
k0ffnL adflhd lgjflrt / dgfgog u/L
ljwfgefsf u7g x'g egL ljwfgsf klxnf
zfwgn pNnv u/sf blvG5 .

76
-_at__ lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f cfofu /
lkmfl/ (Constituency Delemitation Commission
and Recommendation)

dGqLkl/ifbsf lg0fo adflhd jfRr cbfntsf k"j
Gofoflw ch'gkfb lxsf cWoIftfdf boLo
lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f cfofu u7g ul/of .

pQm cfofunfO cGtl/d ljwfgsf klxnf
zfwgn lbPsf DofG86 cg'f/ lgjfrg Ifq
lgwf/0f ug u/L ! lbgsf do lbOof .
cfofun ! lbgsf dodf klg sxL lbgsf do ykL
rq _at_( ut gkfn /sf/ dIf ljwfgefsf nflu _at_)
Ifq sfod ug cfgf lkmfl/ kz u/sf 5 .
o lkmfl/ cg'f/ cGtl/d ljwfgsf klxnf
zfwg adflhd dfg'kflts L6 klg efuflns Ifq
a/fa/s Vofdf _at_) sfod x'g ePsf 5 .
Tokl5 ! hgf dgflgtnfO hf8\g xf eg hDdf
( L6 Vofsf ljwfgef x'g ePsf 5 .

cfofusf cg'f/ t/fOdf _at_ / kxf8df u/L hDdf
Ifq a9sf blvG5 .
ca t/fOsf _at_) lhNnfxdf klxnf x'gn lhTg
lgjfrg k4ltdf !! / kxf8L ( lhNnfdf !)_at_ Ifq
x'g5 .
! lxdfnL lhNnfdf eg L6 Vof a9sf blvbg .
o cl3s _at__at_ lgjfrg Ifq sfod 5g\ .
o cl3 t/fOdf , kxf8df ( / lxdfndf _at__at_ u/L _at_)
Ifq /xsf lyP .
of cfofun sjn hgVof, efuflns ljlzi7tf /
hg3gTjsf cfwf/df dfq Ifq lgwf/0f u/sf
blvG5 .
on efiff, Ifq, cNkVossf Ifq, hflt,
hghfltsf Ifq, cflbjfL Ifq, dwz, blntsf
Ifq, dlxnfsf Ifq, kzf, jusf IfqnfO eg
jft u/g .

ljwfgsf bfo/f hlt lyof Tolt g uof . _at_)
fnsf hgu0fgfnfO kd'v cfwf/ dfg/ Tosf
cg'kftdf Ifq lgwf/0f ul/Psfn t/fOsf lhNnfdf
w/ jl4 ePsf blvG5 .
t/fOsf _at_) dWo df/Ë, wg'iff, kGbxL, snfnL,
gjnk/fL, af/f, /ftx6 / dxfQ/L u/L cf7 lhNnfdf
_at__at_ / afFsL !_at_ lhNnfdf !! Ifq jl4 ePsf 5 .
hg3gTj a9L ePsf kxf8L lhNnfdWo sf7df8fdf _at_,
sfsL, sfeknfrfs, dsjfgk'/ / pbok'/df !!
lgjfrg Ifq a9sf 5g\ .
aeGbf a9L sf7df8f !) Ifq sfod ePsf 5g\ .
o cl3 Ifq lyP . sf7df8f kl5 aeGbf a9L
df/Ëdf ( Ifq sfod ePsf 5g\ .

sl/a ( xhf/ hgVof a/fa/ Ps L6 sfod ul/Psf
eGg cfofun hgfPsf 5 .
t/fOsf hgVof Ü eP klg Ifqsf cfwf/df
Ü dfq kltlglwTj o cl3 ePsf lyof .
kxf8 / lxdfnsf eg hgVof !Ü dfq eP klg Ifqsf
cfwf/df Ü kltlglwTj /xsf lyof . o/L xbf

kzfsLo lhNnfnfO lgjfrg lhNnf sfod u/L
ljwfgef lgjfrg x'g' eGbf cl3sf /fli6o
hgu0fgfaf6 lglZrt ePsf hgVofsf cfwf/df Totf
lhNnf / boVofaLrsf cg'kft oyfDej dfg x'g
u/L lgjfrgIfq lgwf/0f cfofun _at_) lgjfrg
Ifqsf lkmfl/ u/sf 5 . kTos lgjfrg
Ifqaf6 Pshgfsf b/n klxnf x'g lgjflrt x'g
lgjfrg k0ffnLcg'f/ lgjflrt bo _at_)

82
Dk"0f d'n'snfO Ps lgjfrg Ifq dfgL /fhgLlts
bnnfO dt lbg dfg'kflts lgjfrg k0ffnL cg'f/
klxnf x'gn lhTg lgjfrg k0ffnLsf Vof
a/fa/ lgjflrt x'g bo _at_)Ø/fli6o hLjgdf
dxTjk"0f ofubfg k'ofPsf ljlzi7 JolQmx dWoaf6
xdltsf cfwf/df dlGqkl/ifb\af6 dgfgog x'g !
hDdf (
83

o/L lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f cfofun hgVof /
kzfsLo lhNnfsf _at_) sf hgu0fgfsf hgVofsf
cfwf/df 5'6fOPsf lhNnf bo VofaLrsf cg'kftdf
_at_) hgf klxnf x'gn lgjfrg lhTg k4lt
ckgfOPsf 5 .
odf hflt, hghflt, dlxnf, cNkVos, blnt, dlwz,
dhb'/, kzf, lsfg, wd, junfO lgjfrg Ifq sfd
ul/Psf 5g .

Tot _at_) hgf dfg'kflts lgjfrg k4lt cg'f/
elgPklg s'g rflxF k4lt x'g egL lg0fo ul/Psf
kfOFbg .
dfg'kflts leq klg bnLo "rL k0ffnL, Psn
qmd0fLo dt k0ffnL dtsf lgjfrg k4lt /xsf
x'G5 .
bnLo "rL k0ffnLleq klg -s_ aGb "rL / -v_ v'nf
"rLk0ffnL /xsfdf aGb "rL k0ffnL ckgfpg u/L
ljwfgef lgjfrg Pg, _at_) hf/L ePsf 5 .

lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f ubf _at_) fndf tTsfn sfod
/xsf kltlglwef bosf lgjfrg x'Fbfsf avt
sfod /xsf kzfsLo lhNnfsf lgjfrg ª\VofnfO
oyfjt /fvL lxdfnL / kxf8L Ifqdf hgVof jl4sf
cfwf/df lgjfrg Ifq jl4 ul/Psf xf .
o/L lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f ubf dwzsf
hgVofsf kltztsf cfwf/df lgjfrg Ifqsf
Vof sd ePsf, dwzdf kzfsLo lhNnfsf lgjfrg
Ifq jl4 ubf dt lgjfrg Ifq jl4 u/sf
blvG5 .
of s'/fnfO klxnf zfwgaf6 wf/f -_ kl5
-s_ ykL Jojyf ubf dt ljwfgefdf dfjzL
kltlglwTj jftljs kdf x'g Sg blvbg .
a? gkfnnfO Psn lgjfrg Ifq sfod u/L k"0f
dfg'kflts lgjfrg k0ffnL ckgfO bnLo "rL
k0ffnL -v'nf_ sfod u/df ljwfgefdf k"0f
kltlglwTj x'gSg x'G5 .

gkfndf dfg'kflts lgjfrg k4ltnfO Dafwg
u/sf vf pNnvgLo Oltxf g 5g .
_at_)!, _at_)!( / _at_) sf ljwfgn aflnu dtflwsf/sf
cfwf/df klxnf x'gn lhTg lgjfrg k4lt ckgfPsf
blvG5 .
sjn /fli6ef bo eg Psn qmd0fLo dt k4ltsf
dfg'kflts lgjfrg k0ffnLnfO gkfnn em08 !_at_
jifDd cEof u/sf blvG5 .
ca lgjfrg Ifq / gkfnn ljwfg efsf nflu
cFufnsf ldlgtt lgjfrg k2lt lxt osf rf/
df8nx? oxfF rrf ug kof ul/Psf 5 .

87
df8n g ! (Model No. 1)!_ kzfsLo lhNnfsf
cfwf/ (Basis of Administrative District)

ljwfgefsf lgjfrg Ifqsf lgldQ kzfsLo
lhNnfsf lgjfrg lhNnf sfod Pp6f cfwf/ x'g S5 .
lhNnfxsf hgVof / bo Vofsf aLrsf cg'kft
oyfDej dfg x'g u/L kTos lhNnfsf hgVofsf
cfwf/df f lhNnfaf6 lgjflrt x'g bo Vof
lgwfl/t u/L f Vof a/fa/ lgjfrg Ifq sfod
u/L kTos lgjfrg Ifqaf6 Pshgf bo lgjfrg
ug Jojyf ubf Dk"0f hgVofsf kltlglwTj Ps
ksf/n x'g S5 .

88
_at__ hgVofsf cfwf/ (Basis of Population)

csftkm, kTos ! nfv hgVofdf ! hgf
ljwfgefsf kltlglwsf dfg'kflts dtsf
cfwf/df klg lgjfrg ug lsG5 .
oaf6 _at__at_ hgf kltlglw x'g S5g\ .
of cg'ej ef/tsf ljwfgefsf r'gfjdf klg sfod
ul/Psfn f cfwf/ klg lng lsG5 .
of klg Pp6f cfwf/ x'g S5 .

89
_ hfltut cfwf/ (Basis of Ethnicity)

j0f hft / ! hghfltaf6 dfg'kflts tj/af6
kltlglw k7fpg u/L pgLxsf kltlglwTjnfO klg
dflxt ug'kg x'G5 .
oaf6 hghflt dxf3n p7fPsf dfuadflhd ! hflt
hghflt ! l6 Ifq klg 5'6\ofpg lsG5 .

90
_ wflds cfwf/ (Basis of Religion)

dflysf cfwf/ afxs ljBdfg wflds dt /fVg
d'bfoxaf6 klg kltlglwTj x'g u/L ljwfgefsf
lgjfrg Ifq tfSg lsG5 .
lxGb", af4, lqmlZrog / d'lnd wdaf6 klg
kltlglwTj x'g u/L l6 Vof tfSg'kg x'G5 .

91
_ kzf Jofjflos cfwf/ (Basis of Occupation)

ljwfgefdf kzfgljb\, sfg"gljb\, ljwfgljb\,
/fHosf a Ifqsf kqsf/, 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/,
kfWofks, lzIfs, dhb'/ o'lgognufotsf ljzif1,
afl4s JolQmTjx .
fdflhs kltli7t JolQmTjx / cNkVossf
kltlglwx dt lgjflrt x'g'kg dfGotf /xG5 .
onfO klg dfjz ug lsG5 .

92
_ dlxnf, lk5l8Psf ju, ckfË, cNkVossf cfwf/
(Basis of Backward Classes, Disable Minority)

dlxnf lk5l8Psf ju ckfË, cNkVosaf6 slthgf ePdf
pgLxsf kltlglwTj x'g Sb5 eGg s'/fdf ul0ftLo
lxfa ug'kg x'G5 .
oy kzfsLo lhNnfsf cfwf/af6 hgVofsf
kltlglwTj cfwf/df _at_ s/f8 _at_ nfv hgtfsf
kltlglwTj x'g u/L kTos ! nfv hgVofnfO
lgDgtd cfwf/ dfgL hDdf _at__at_ hgf kltlglwx
ljwfgefdf k7fpFbf gkfnsf jtdfg
hgcfGbfngsf DofG86sf kltlglwTj x'g5 .

fxL adflhd hflt, hghfltaf6 !Ü, dlxnf tyf
cNkVosaf6 )Ü, blntxaf6 !Ü, kzf tyf Jojfo
Ifqaf6 !)Ü / /fhglts bnxaf6 afFsL l6 Vofsf
kltlglwTj x'gu/L l6 Vof lgwf/0f ubf klg
csf cfwf/ aGg Sb5 .
oL a cfwf/nfO cfwf/ dfgL lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f
cfofun l6 Vof 5'6\ofpg' kb5 .
sjn efuflns / hgVofnfO cfwf/ dfGbf
ljwfgefdf plrt kltlglwTj gx'g S5 .

94
df8n g _at_ (Model No. 2)"rL k0ffnLsf kofu
(Use of List System)

of k0ffnL dfg'kflts lgjfrg k0ffnL ePsfn
blIf0f clkmsf / aflnleofsf cg'ejnfO gkfndf
klg cFufNg lsG5 .
lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f cfofun lglZrt u/sf
l6Vof cyjf gkfn clw/fHonfO Ps lgjfrg Ifq
3fif0ff u/L Dk"0f bn lgjfrgdf efu lng

bnn kfKt u/sf dtsf cfwf/df kfKt u/sf l6
VofnfO hflt, hghflt, blnt, dlxnf, kzf, ju,
wd, efiff, dwL, pTkLl8t dtsf kltlglwsf
"rL agfO ljwfgefdf k7fpg lsG5 .
csf tkm dlxnf, hghflt, cNkVos wd, efiff,
ckfË, kzf ju hgVofsf cfwf/nfO lglZrt
sf6fdf kl/0ft ug / Psn qmd0fLo dtsf cfwf/df
lgjflrt u/fpFb nhfg klg lsG5 .
"rL k0ffnLsf dt kqdf /fhglts kf6Lsf gfd
em08f, Ph08f, kf6L cWoIfsf kmf6f dt
5flklbg / dtbftfn h'g kf6LnfO ef6 lbg xf
Tosf gfdsf cufl8 l6s nufP/ dt lbg lsG5 .
dt u0fgf ubf h'g kf6Ln hlt kltzt dt kfKt
ub5, ToxL cg'kftdf efb\ Vofsf "rL agfO
Dk"0f Ifqsf kltlglwTj x'g u/L cfgf
kltlglw k7fpg lsG5 .

Tot dtkqsf csf tl/sfdf dtkqsf dflyNnf
efudf kTos lhNnfsf lgjfrg Ifqsf bnsf
lgjfrg "rL, tNnf efudf cGo jtGq pDdbjf/sf
"rL /fVg' kb5 .
kTos dtbftfn dtbfg kqdf Ps dt dfq lbg kfpg,
dtbftfn bnsf ln6 eGbf aflx/sfnfO klg lbg
kfpg, psf dtbfgsf kfyldstf !, _at_, , , g
sf kfyldstfsf cfwf/ agfpg .
pQm kfyldstfsf cfwf/df sDtLdf klg kltzt
kfyldstfdf gk/sf pDdbjf/n lgjfrg lhTg gSg
agfpg' kb5 .

97
df8n g (Model No. 3)ldlgtt lgjfr0f k0ffnL
(Mixed Electoral System)

of k0ffnL aeGbf lhnf / a9L Jojxfl/s
blvG5 . odf lhNnfxsf hgVof / bo Vofsf
aLrsf cg'kft oyfDej dfg x'g u/L .
kTos lhNnfsf hgVofsf cfwf/df f lhNnfaf6
lgjflrt x'g bo Vof lgwfl/t ug'kg x'G5 .

f Vof a/fa/ lgjfrg Ifq sfod u/L kTos
lgjfrg Ifqaf6 Pshgf bo lgjfrg ug'kg
x'G5 .
kTos ! nfv hgVofdf ! hgf ljwfgefsf
kltlglw lgjflrt u// k7fpFbf gkfnsf xfnsf
hgVof em08 _at_,_at_,)),)))) hlt ePsfn _at__at_ hgf
hgkltlglw ljwfgefdf k7fpg'kg x'G5 .
osf nflu lgDg s'/fnfO ckgfpg' kb5 . lgjfrg
Ifq lgwf/0f cfofun lbPsf _at_) IfqnfO cfwf/
dfGbf eg lgDg blvG5 .

99
jkyd klxnf gkfn clw/fHonfO _at_) dWo
cfwfnfO !_at_) lgjfrg Ifqdf afF8\g'kg x'G5 .Ø
!_at_) hgf efbx ljk/Lt kltlglwefsf lgjfrg
htf vfnsf klxnf x'gn lhTg lgjfrg k0ffnL
(First Past the post system) nfO ckgfpg'
kb5 .Ø c? afFsL cfwf !_at_) efbx kTos bnxn
cfkm\gf pDdbjf/xsf hflt/hghflt, efiff, blnt,
dlxnf, kf, ju, cNkVosxnfO dt dfg'kflts
tj/n "rL agfpg .
100

pDdbjf/L dgfgogsf lbg lgjfrg cfofudf cfkm\gf
bnsf "rLdf /xsf pDdbjf/sf gfd btf ug /
bnn kfKt u/sf dtsf cfwf/df kTos bnnfO
afFsL cfwf !_at_) l6 VofnfO afF8kmfF8 ul/lbg /
fxL cfwf/df h'g bnn a9L dt kfKt ub5 .
fxL bnn l6 Vof klg jtM a9L g kfKt ub5 .
osf nflu kTos dtbftfsf _at_ dtsf dfGotf
x'g'kg x'gfn klxnf dtkqdf cfkm\gf lgjfrg
Ifqsf pDdbjf/nfO dtbfg ug lbg'kg x'G5 .

101

bff cfgf dt cfkm"n dgk/fPsf h'g's
bnsf "rLdf klg xfNg Sb5 . cyjf bnsf "rLdf
klxnf lgjfrg Ifqsf pDdbjf/nfO xfnsf
bneGbf cGo JolQmnfO klg xfNg Sb5 .
oaf6 _at_) efbx klxnf x'gn lhTg k0ffnL /
"rL k0ffnLaf6 lgjflrt eP/ hfFbf w/eGbf w/
dtsf kofu x'g x'G5 / dt v/ hfgaf6 arfpg
lsG5 .
oaf6 klxnf lgjfrg Ifqdf gk/sf JolQmsf
"rLdf klg kg Sg x'G5 .

102

of k0ffnL hdg, aflnleof / gtLnsfdf a9L
dfqfdf bVg lsG5 .
Ton gkfnsf ljwfgefsf lgjfrfgdf klg
onfO cufNg lsG5 .
t/ xfnsf jwflgs Jojyf / cfofusf
kltjbgaf6 eg _at_)_at_)! u/L hDdf ( ljwfg
efsf u7g ul/Psf 5 .

103
df8n g dfgfGt/ lgjfrg k2lt -gkfndf ldlgtt
lgjfrg k2lt elgPsf_

cGtl/d /sf/n u7g u/sf lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f
cfofun efuflns, hgVof / ljlzi7tfsf cfwf/df
dwz, t/fO, kxf8 / lxdfndf a9sf hgVofnfO
cfwf/ dfgL lgDg lgjfrg Ifqsf lgwf/0f u/sf
5 .
klxnf x'gn lhTg lgjfrg k4lt Ö _at_)

104

dfg'kflts lgjfrg k4lt Ö _at_) -blnt !Ü, hghflt
Ü, lk5l8Psf Ifq !Ü, dwzL !_at_Ü, cGodf
)_at_Ü_
nAw kltli7t dtaf6 dgflgt ! Ö ( nfO ldlgtt
lgjfrg k4lt dflgPsf 5 .
lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f cfofun lbPsf kltjbg s
cfwf/df jwflgs Jojyfcg'f/ klxnf x'gn
lhTg lgjfrg k4ltdf dt _at_) l6 VofnfO
klxnf zfwgn dfjzL k4ltaf6 dlxnf, blnt,
hghflt, dlw, cNkVos, lk5l8Psf ju, lsfg,
dhb'/nfO 5'6\ofO bnxn l6 lgwf/0f ug'kg
elgP klg xfnDd osf vfsf to x'g ssf 5g .

105

t/ dfg'kflts lgjfrg k4ltdf eg /fHoJojyf
ldltsf lkmfl/df ljwfgef Pg kfl/t ePsf
5 .
kfl/t Pg adflhd -!_ blnt !Ü, -_at__ hghflt Ü,
-_ lk5l8Psf Ifq !Ü, -_ dwzL !_at_Ü, -_
cGodf )_at_Ü 5'6\ofpg adf dlxnfsf xeflutf )Ü
x'g agfOPsf 5 .

106
dfg'kflts l6 Vof ljt/0f tflnsf
107
(No Transcript)
108
lk5l8Psf Ifq M c5fd, sflnsf6, hfh/sf6,
h'Dnf, 8fNkf, aemfª, afh'/f, d'u' / x'DnfØ
ft M sGbLo tYofÍ ljefu, dfgj ljsf kltjbg,
dfgj ul/aL kltjbg / hghflt / blntsf kltjbg
109
(No Transcript)
110
dt kl/0ffd ljefhs "q

dt kl/0ffd ljefhs "qcg'f/ kTos /fhglts bnsf
nflu vsf dtnfO efu ug k4ltn gtª\vnfa4kdf
efu ul/g5
o cg'f/, kTos bnn kfKt u/sf dt
kl/0ffdnfO w/ efhsxn efu ul/G5 . -pbfx/0f M
!, , , , ( cflb_ To/L efu kfKt x'g
glthfnfO bnsf efukmn -SfG6_ elgG5 .

111

efukmn kfKt ePkl5 l6 Vofx 7"nf efukmnaf6
fgfnfO afF8kmfF8 ub l6 glsFbf Dd
afF8kmfF8 ul/g5 .
o/L afF8kmfF8 ubf s'g /fhgLlts bnn hlt's
dt kfKt u/sf eP tfklg Totf /fhglts bnn
"rLdf "rLst u/sf pDdbjf/ Vofdf Lldt /xL
Totf /fhglts bnn kfKt ug L6sf afF8kmfF8
ul/g5 .

112
pbfx/0f M txj6f l6 Vof kfFrj6f /fhglts
bnnfO afF8kmfF8 ug' k/df Totf bnn kfKt
u/sf dt kl/0ffdsf cfwf/df bxfo adflhd
afF8kmfF8 ug'kg5M
113
(No Transcript)
114

o/L ljwfgefsf lgjfrg Ifq 3fif0ff eO
lgjflrt boxaf6 ljwfgefsf lgdf0f ePkl5
ljwfgsf lgdf0f ug ljBdfg bdf /xsf ljleGg
ldlts 9fFrfdf ljwfgefn ljleGg ldltx u7g
ug'kg x'G5 .
ht-!_ ljwfg dofbf ldlt, -_at__ ljzif ldlt,
-_ ljwfgsf fduL h'6fpg -_ ljzif1 ldlt,
-_ fduL h'6fpg' ldlt htf ldltsf ckl/xfotf
blvG5 . o/L u7g ePsf ljwfg dofbf ldltn
ljwfg ljzif1blv ufpFsf hghflt, hflt, wflds
yf, kzfgljb\, /fhgLlts1, kfWofks, kqsf/,
OlGhlgo/, 8fS6/, lzIfs, dhb'/, jlsn, GofofwLz /
OlGhlgo/ aFu /fo Nnfx tyf kZgfjnL,
cGtjftfsf cfwf/df ljwfgsf dofbf ub5 .
cfd hgd'bfon h dt lbG5g\ Tosf x'ax' dofbf
u/L ljwfgefdf kz ug'kg x'G5 .

115
3_ ljZjsf Gbedf L6 Vof (Number of Seats
Compare to other Countries)

ljZjsf Gbedf xg xf L6 lgwf/0f Vofsf
sfl/ofdf aeGbf a9L , anfotdf (, hdgLdf
, O6fnL ) u/L )) eGbfa9L L6 ePsf
d'n'sxsf klQmdf blvG5g\ .

116

aeGbf yf/ !)) eGbf d'lg L6 Vof tflsPsf /
aeGbf yf/ L6 Vof ePsf d'n'sdf dfG6/f
, 6fËf (, G6 ls6\df !!, 6'dfn'df !_at_, 6'sdf
!, dfOqmfglof !, lug8f !, elhg !,
eLGG6 !, n'lof !, Dof6L !, dfgfsf !,
dl/ogf !, G6lko/ !(, ufogf !(, u'cd _at_!, s's
cfONof08 _at_, gb/Nof08 PG6LnLh 8fldgLsf !
Ddsf L6 lgwf/0f u/sf blvG5 .
)) blv )) sf nfOgdf, cNhl/of ), OlhK6 ,
kfNof08 ), /lof ), blIf0f clkmsf )),
cdl/sf , gkfn ( /xaf6 aeGbf a9L L6
cufnsf )) sf xf/fxf/Ldf cufnsf d'n'sxn
efuflns / hgVofnfO dfq gcufnL, hflt,
hghflt, efiff, Ifq, cNkVos, lk5l8Psf jusf
klg kltlglwTj x'g u/L L6 lgwf/0f ubf Tolt
7"nf Vof x'g uPsf blvG5 .
!)) sf xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf d'n'sxdf gkfnht
fgf /fHo ePsf d'n'sxdf cflys lxfan yUg
Sg u/L /flvPsf 5 .

117
lgZsif (Conclusion)

ctM gkfnhtf fgf / cflys lxfan Joxfg
gSg d'n's hxfF hgVof / efuflnsnfO dfq
cfwf/ agfO, efiff, Ifq, ju, cNkVos, dlw,
hflt, hghflt, dlxnf, blntnfO Ifq g5'6\ofO Ifq
lgwf/0f u/L ljwfgefsf lgjfrg ubf efln o
Gbedf /Qmkft gxfnf eGg lsbg .
ldlgtt lgjfrg k0ffnLnfO g ckgfpg xf eg
osf 4flGts cfwf/ cg'f/ klg _at_) e"ufn /
hgVofnfO cfwf/ dfg/ lgwf/0f ul/of eg
Tolts dfg'kfltssf Vof _at_)! yk/ (
k'ofpg l4fGt ldlgtt lgjfrg k0ffnL xfOg .

118

cGo d'n'sn ckgfPsf l4fGt / 4flGts kIf cg'f/
klg lgjfrg Ifq lgwf/0f cfofun 5'6\fPsf _at_)
nfO cfwf !_at_) nfO klxnf x'gn lhTg lgjfrg
k0ffnL / afFsL cfwf !_at_) dfg'kflts leqsf bnLo
aGb "rL k0ffnL ckgfP/ ! ubf _at_ L6
VofnfO dfq ldlgtt lgjfrg k4ltsf l4fGtn
d6\g Sb5 .
d'n'sn Pp6f ljwfg agfpg ( sf Vofdf
ljwfgefb k7fP/ c/af kofFsf xfgL gfSfgL
ug'eGbf _at_ sf L6 to u/L ljwfgefsf Vof
lgwf/0f ubf pko'Qm x'g x'Fbf onfO bff
zfwgdf dt vf Dafwg ug lsPg .
o L6df klg dfg'kfltssf nflu bnLo aGb "rL
k0ffnL ckgfpFbf dlxnf, blnt, dlw, wd, j0f
hft, hflt, dhb'/, lsfg, hghflt, cNkVosnfO
dfjzL x'g u/L oL ldfGt junfO klxnf
kfyldstfdf /fvL kTos bnn aGb "rL agfPdf dfq
d'n'sn rfxsf lgjfrgsf dfjzLsf gf/fn
fsf/ k lng lyof .
dfKt