Beyond the Surly Bonds of Earth

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Beyond the Surly Bonds of Earth

• Milestones in
• unmanned space exploration (and the cool things
  weve learned along the way)
• http//www.skygod.com/quotes/highflight.html

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Some Important Firsts

• Attempt to escape earths gravity
• Read up on Escape Velocity
• LUNA 1 radiationhow much is too much?
• See what your annual dosage of radiation might
  be!
• Orbit of a man-made object
• Mariner 9 - communication
• Landing on another planet
• Venera 7 atmosphere of Venus
• Trip to the Moon
• Lunakhod 1 1st robotic lunar rover
• Leaving the Solar System
• Where are they now???
• Some cool stuff about solar science

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Mission Review Template

• Images of the vehicle
• How it was supposed to work
• Orbiter, fly-by, lander, rover, sample/return
• How it got to where it was sent
• Rockets, landing strategies, gravity assist
• What it was supposed to DO
• Answer questions
• Try out new science
• Take pictures/TV video
• Sample/Return
• Results of its efforts
• Failure IS an option!
• Heres the spreadsheet poster!

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Its all about GRAVITY!

• 1959 - USSR Luna 1
• First Cosmic Rocket,
• due to its having achieved
• escape velocity.
• Intended to be the first
• Lunar impactor mission.
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luna_1

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How it was supposed to work

• Scientific mission of in-flight measurements
• Radio equipment, tracking transmitter, telemetry
  system, magnetometer, geiger counter,
  scintillation counter, micrometeorite detector
• After completion, it would crash into the Moon,
  delivering two metallic pennants with the Soviet
  coat of arms.

Luna 1
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How it got there
Luna 1
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Mission Objectives Results

• Released a cloud of sodium gas experiment on
  the behavior of gas in outer space
• High energy particles in the Van Allen radiation
  belt
• Moon has no detectable magnetic field
• First direct observations and measurements of the
  solar wind
• First instance of radio communication at the
  half-million kilometer distance

Luna 1
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Earths Magnetic Field

• http//www.tethers.com/HiVOLT.html

Luna 1
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Failure IS an option!

• Luna 1 was intended as an impactor, but it passed
  within 3,725 miles of the Moons surface in
  January of 1959, and then went into orbit around
  the Sun between the orbits of Earth and Mars.

Luna 1
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Orbit around another planet

• 1971 USA Mariner 9

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How it got there

• Launched in May 1971
• aboard an Atlas-
• Centaur rocket from
• Cape Canaveral, just
• narrowly beating out the
• two Soviet missions
• Mars 2 and Mars 3.

Mariner 9
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Mariner 9
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Mission Results

• Mapped 100 of surface from lowest altitude and
  highest resolution yet achieved
• Detected heat sources as evidence of volcanic
  activity images of Olympus Mons, largest known
  volcano in the Solar System
• Studied temporal changes of atmosphere and
  surface found evidence of wind and water
  erosion, weather fronts and fogs
• Studied the two moons Phobos and Demos

Mariner 9
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Failure IS an option!

• Reprogrammable using simple computers.
• Mariner led to Viking.
• Valles Marineris named for Mariner 9.
• Mariner 9 is still in orbit about Mars, and is
  expected to be stable until 2022 at which point
  it will enter Martian atmosphere.

Mariner 9
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Visit to another planet

• 1970 USSR Venera 7

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A Wild Ride
Venera 7
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Mission Results

• Designed to survive Venus surface conditions and
  make a soft landing.
• Massively overbuilt to ensure survival
• Relatively few scientific experiments on board
  detection of pressure (90 atm) from the
  temperature data (465 C)
• Detection of high-speed zonal winds up to 100 m/s
  in the atmosphere.

Venera 7
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Failure IS an option!

• Parachute failed shortly before landing, very
  close to surface. Spacecraft toppled over but
  survived. Due to the antenna misalignment, radio
  signal was weak but detectable.
• Scientific output further limited by internal
  switchboard failure but tape recorder was still
  rolling and eventually more data was detected.

Venera 7
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Destination Moon!

• 1953-1954
• A fanciful version of the first moon landing!

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First landing on the Moon

• 1966 USSR Luna 9

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Luna 9

• Lander weighed only 99 kg.
• A landing bag to survive impact at 15 m/s
• First TV pictures including panoramic views
• Only scientific instrument on board was a
  radiation detector, measuring 30 millirads per
  day (0.3 mG).
• Proved that objects wouldnt sink into the lunar
  soil

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Photos from Luna 9

• Panorama view
• Extract of panorama
• View by Daily
• Express

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Luna 10

• First artificial satellite of the Moon 04/1966
• Conducted extensive research in lunar orbit
• Strength of magnetic field
• Radiation Belts
• Nature of lunar rocks simliar to basalt
• First evidence of areas of high density below
  the mare basins that distort lunar orbital
  trajectories

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Surveyor 1

• Launched 05/1966 directly into a lunar impact
  trajectory engines turned off 3.4 m above the
  lunar surface and it fell freely the rest of the
  way!
• Primary goal of demonstrating soft landings
• Secondary goals of making mid-course corrections,
  evaluating landing sites for manned Apollo
  landings.

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Luna 16

• First robotic sample/return probe, first for the
  USSR and third overall (Apollo 11 and 12 had come
  before!) 09/1970
• Stereo imaging system for photography
• Remote arm for sample collection
• Radiation detector

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• Luna 16 sample/return probe

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Lunokhod 1

• First robotic
• lunar rover!
• This one is
• Lunokhod 3, the unflown successor to s 1 and 2

• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunokhod_1

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• Lunaknod 1 seem familiar??

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How it got there

• Proton 4-stage
• Still in use in 2009
• Originally built as a super ICBM but never used
  in that capacity

Lunakhod 1
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Photos from Lunakhod 1
Rover rolled off the landing platform in November
of 1970, and spent a month rolling around,
covering about 10 km. Hmmm What goes around
comes around!
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Mission Results

• Operated for 11 lunar days (322 earth days),
  exceeding original mission profile of 3 lunar
  days
• Traveled 10.5 kilometers
• Returned more than 20,000 TV images and 206
  hi-resolution panoramas
• Performed 25 soil analyses
• Used its penetrometer device at 500 different
  locations measured surface strength
• Carried a laser reflector for measuring the
  distance from the earth to the moon

Lunakhod 1
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Failure IS an option!

• No real failures here
• Exceeded original mission duration objective
• Proved that vehicles would function well on the
  lunar surface
• Reinvention as a nuclear disaster recovery
  vehicle

Lunakhod 1
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Leaving the Solar System

• Pioneer 10 (03/1972) 99.5 AU
• Pioneer 11 (04/1973) 79.68 AU
• Voyager 1 (09/1977) 111.66 AU (passed Pluto and
  40AU in May of 1993)
• Voyager 2 (08/1977) 90.60 AU (passed Pluto and
  40AU in February of 1990)
• New Horizons (01/2006) 15.04 AU

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• http//heavens-above.com/solar-escape.asp?lat0ln
  g0locUnspecifiedalt0tzCET

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• Family Portrait from Voyager 1 2/14/1990

• http//voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/mission/interstellar.h
  tml

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PS the WISE telescope

• Old, Cold and Dusty

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WISE Links

• http//wise.ssl.berkeley.edu/mission.html
• http//www.nasa.gov/WISE
• You can find GREAT photos of WISE and the payload
  integration on either of these sites, and at the
  NASA site, you can see footage of the launch,
  which went off smoothly on 12/14/09 at 909am EST.

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• Many Thanks to
• Virginia Renehan for her valuable feedback
• Sam Palmer for info on Venus
• Bob Benoit for the photos and poster of WISE
• Merry Christmas
• to All and to All a Good Night!!