Relevant activities in EMEP

1
Relevant activities in EMEP

• EMEP Monitoring programme
• Expansion to the EECCA region, HTAP
• QA/QC

Wenche Aas EMEP/CCC (NILU)
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Monitoring programme/strategy

• Level 1
• Main ions in precipitation and in air
• heavy metals in precipitations
• ozone
• PM10 and PM2.5 mass
• meteorology
• at ca 125 sites

• Level 2, supersite (joint EMEP/GAW)
• POPs
• Heavy metals in air and aerosols
• VOC
• EC/OC, OC speciation
• Mineral Dust
• PM speciation incl. gas particle ratio
• all level 1 activities
• 15-20 sites

Both levels are mandatory by all Parties
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Challenges to implement the strategy

• Level 1
• Some Parties have difficulties to find national
  resources, most problems in Eastern Europe
• Many sites lack a few parameters to get a
  complete measurement program of level 1
• Level 2
• POPs and Hg monitoring receives little attention
• VOC receives little attention (but EU directive
  addressing PAHs offers assistance)
• Full chemical speciation of particles is
  difficult. Its costly, and there are problems to
  harmonise methodology (i.e for EC/OC)

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Intercontinental transport of Hg
Total annual Hg deposition in the Northern
Hemisphere
POPs and O3 are also important topics in HTAP
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HTAP

• Current integration initiatives
• WMO-GAW SACs and WCCs
• EECCA region, monitoring capacity
• Capacity building and improvement in
  infrastructures
• Field data resources meta data compilation
  (ACCENT)
• Quality assurance documentation archive (ACCENT)
• Initiatives towards data flow harmonisation
• Harmonisation of monitoring strategies should be
  considered

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New EMEP sites in the EECCA region
EECCA East Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia
Support from CAPACT http//www.unece.org/ie/capac
t Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs
KZ Borovoye
MD Leovo
GE Abastumani
AR Amberd
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CAPACT project (2004 2007)
Capacity Building for Air Quality Management and
the Application of clean Coal Combustion
Technologies in Central Asia

• Objective
• The project will address the technological gaps
  and raise awareness of air quality management
  within the institutions in Central Asia.
  (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan
  and Uzbekistan)
• Improved policies for air quality management
  (emission, monitoring, reporting etc).
• Investments in technologies for cleaner
  combustion of coal.
• Improved national energy policies.

http//www.unece.org/ie/capact/
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Expectations, EECCA countries

• A very important region with very little
  monitoring today
• High emissions
• Strategic area for hemispheric transport issues
• Links EMEP and EANET
• Expected that most countries will sign the EMEP
  protocol soon.
• Need to establish EMEP level 1 sites in each
  country.
• Support can be found, i.e. from foreign aid
  money, EU, UNECE.
• Training and capacity building is necessary.

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WMO
ICP
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Why QA/QC is vital

• Comparable measurements needed to make regional
  and global assessments
• Need methods that are easy to use, cheap and long
  lasting for trend analysis (changing methodology
  may affect the trend
• A harmonisation of methodology has been developed
  during the last 30 years and are still developing

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QA activities in EMEP

• Site characterization
• Documentation of methods and material
• -detection limits, precision, accuracy,
• -instructions for maintenance and calibration
• Manual and standard operating procedures (SOPs)
• Lab intercalibration
• Co-located experiments (field comparison)
• Training courses
• Data checking and validation
• -e.g calculate ion balance and time trends
• Flagging data

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Necessary national QA/QC activities

• Proper siting for representative measurements
• Use recommended field and lab methods
• Follow QA/QC procedures in field and lab
• Evaluate the data and flag or delete biased or
  erroneous data
• Report data in proper format and meta data
• information of methods
• detection limits
• Precisions
• siting information

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Plotting time trends
Plotting annual dataset
Plotting ion balance
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All EANET sites is also included
http//www.nilu.no/trajectories/
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Field inter-comparisons, SO4 in air
Estonia
Spain
16
Comparison of SO2 measurements (filterpack vs.
TCM) in Germany
Schauinsland (DE03)
Zingst (DE09)
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Summary of co-located SO2 measurements
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Measurement and model intercomparison
??
ES
NO
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Lab intercomparisons annually
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QA flags based on lab and field intercomp.
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Intercomparison between networks
CAPMon / EMEP -2007

• EANET / EMEP 2006
• Global intercomparison
• lab WMO GAW PC
• Field nothing

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Field intercomparisons, EMEP -EANET
NO3
SO4
NH4
Na
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Summary

• Global and hemispheric issues are more and more
  important
• Lack of sites and measurements in several parts
  of the world
• Need for further harmonisation of methods
• QA/QC activities across the different regional
  networks are necessary
• Initiative within the EU project ACCENT for a
  common meeting this autumn/winter

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Passive sampler and low cost denuder to be used
in monitoring
Wenche Aas EMEP/CCC (NILU)
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Passive samplers

• Advantages
• Excellent for high spatial resolution
• Representativity studies
• Inexpensive
• Easy to use, and high flexibility
• No need for electricity nor a real station /site
• Long term exposure E.g cumulative uptake of
  ozone to forest
• Disadvantages
• Inaccurate compared to active sampler
• Long sampling time (episodes not detected)
• Should be checked against active sampler

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Passive samplers can be an alternative method in
some cases

• SO2 will be better taken from filterpack
• NH3 and HNO3 is good supplements to filterpack
  to correct for gas/particle distribution low
  cost denuder even bettre alternative
• Depending on purpose of monitoring
• NO2 and O3 may be replace active sampler
• But for health warnings and assessment hourly
  data are needed
• POPs good alternative for spatial assessment

From IVL, Sweden
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POP passive sampler campaign

• Objectives
• To gain new insight into the spatial patterns
• consistent sampling and analytical methodologies
• passive air samplers as a complementary
  measurements
• supporting model validation

Selected POPs PAHs PCBs, HCHs, HCB, New POPs
(PBDEs)
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Passive samplers for POP

• samplers developed that provide weekly, monthly
  or yearly time integrated air conc.

Polyethylene
PUF
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Accuracy

• Passive samplers and active samplers deployed at
  the same site/duration
• Within a factor of 2 for various PAHs
• Including higher molecular weight compounds
  associated with particles

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Nitrogen deposition

• NOx dry deposition relatively small
• NH3 and HNO3 dry dep is important and it
  necessary to study the gas particle distribution
  between NO3 vs HNO3 and NH3 and NH3. Vd between
  gas an particle is very different
• Filterpack method can be biased due to NH3NO3
  evaporation from aerosol filet and/or HNO3 NH3
  deposition on humid aerosol filter
• Low cost denuder measurements is a good
  supplement/alternative 1 month measurements