Total War

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Total War Totalitarianism
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Total War

• Bloodiest wars in history
• Total War Why?
• Nations
• Civilians
• No holds barred

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Weapons of Advanced technology
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Trench Warfare
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Great War of 1914 or World War I

• War to end all wars
• 70 million fought 8 million died
• Background to war

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Map World War I
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Background

• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• Powder Keg of Europe
• Central Powers Austria-Hungary, Germany,
  Ottoman Empire
• Allied Forces Serbia, Belgium, France, Great
  Britain, Russia

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Reactions in Literature
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Wilfred Owen

• 1893-1918
• British poet
• Sense of cynicism and futility
• Dulce et Dorcum Est (1917)

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William Butler Yeats

• 1865-1939
• Irish poet and dramatist
• The Second Coming

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Ernest Hemingway

• 1899-1961
• American author
• A Farewell to Arms (1929)

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Erich Maria Remarque

• 1898-1970
• Erich Paul Remark
• German solider author
• All Quiet on the Western Front (1929)

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Reaction in Art
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Grosz, Fit for Active Service, c.1916-17, Modern
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BRITANNIA MUST BE MORE CAREFUL HOW SHE WAVES THE
RULES
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THE CROWNING ACHIEVEMENT (THIS LATEST SUBMARINE
VICTIM MAY BE THE LAST)
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Russian Revolution
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Problems in Russia

• War
• Government Corruption
• Weak economy
• 1917 - Revolution

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Vladimir Ilyich Lenin

• 1870-1924
• Marxist
• Leader of the Russian Socialist Party
• Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism

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State and Revolution

• Phases of Revolution
• Communist Society
• State disappears
• Harmony in the world

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The Result

• Dictatorship over proletariat
• Totalitarian regime
• Twisted form of communism

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Joseph Stalin

• 1879-1953
• Secret police favorite weapon
• Strict programs 15 million people die the
  great terror

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Russian Propaganda

• Promote ideals
• Condemn modernism, decadence and bourgeois
  notions
• Social realism in art

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Great Depression America
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Artistic Reactions to Great Depression

• Literature

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John Steinbeck

• 1902-1968
• American novelist
• Natural/Realist style
• Grapes of Wrath (1939)
• Social realism vs. socialist realism

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Artistic Reactions to Great Depression

• Art

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Social Realism
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American Scene Painting
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American Scene Painting
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Dorothea Lange

• 1895-1965
• Documentary photographer
• Worked with RA/FSA
• Humanizes the consequences of the Great Depression

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Lange, Migrant Mother, Nipomo, California, 1936,
Social Realism
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Posters
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Totalitarianism and WWII
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Adolf Hitler

• 1889-1945
• 1933 Chancellor of Germany leader (Fuhrer) of
  National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi
  party)
• Internal enemies
• Propaganda

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Propaganda
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World War II
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Background

• Axis powers Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Hungry,
  Spain Japan
• Allied countries 25 nations, France Britain
  and after 1941 US USSR
• Turning moments
• 1942 Defeat at Stalingrad
• Naval War
• Hitler commits suicide
• Surrender

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Artistic Reaction to the War

• Literature
• Nihilism and resignation
• Use of gallows humor

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Joseph Heller

• 1923-1999
• American novelist
• Catch 22 (1961)
• No win situation

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Holocaust
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Holocaust
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Holocaust
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Holocaust
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Holocaust
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Elie Wiesel

• b.1928
• Night (1958)

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Artistic Reaction to the War

• Art
• Photojournalism

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Lee Miller

• 1907-1977
• Former debutant and fashion model who
  photographed WWII concentration camps acts of
  war

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Images
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Images by Capa Cartier-Bresson
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Picasso, Guernica, 1937, Social Realism
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Film in the War Era

• Film as propaganda
• Used in many countries and in many different
  genres.

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Sergei Eisenstein

• 1898-1948
• Russian
• Promoted communism
• Montage

Movie clip
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Leni Riefenstahl

• 1902-2003
• German film maker and later photographer
• Propoganda

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Triumph of the Will
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Sergeant York

• 1941
• Starring Gary Cooper
• Award winning

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Saving Private Ryan

• 1998
• Numerous awards
• With Tom Hanks, Edward Burns, Matt Damon