Classification%20and%20ID,%20Ch%202,%20-33

1
Classification and ID, Ch 2, -33

• With the trends toward globalization, and the
  world getting smaller a uniform system of
  naming plants is needed.
• Carl Linnaeus is recognized as the person who
  initiated the scientific botanical, or binomial
  system of classification

2
The binomial system -34

• Genus, species, classifier
• Example Vigna unguiculata, Walp.
• Or Vigna unguiculata, Wallp
• When you write scientific names of plants, you
  will be expected to italicize, or underline the
  genus and species terms (!)

3
Botanical Classification -33

• Kingdom Plantae
• Division Magnoliophyta
• Class !
• Lilliopsida (Monocots) !
• Magnoliopsida (Dicots) !
• Subclass
• Order

4
Bot. Classification, cont. -33

• This is where it gets practical know
• Family !
• Poaceae (Gramineae)
• Fabaceae (Leguminoseae)
• Genus !
• Species !
• Subspecies
• Variety

5
Important Crop Families -34

• 1. Fabaceae - legumes
• 2. Poaceae - grasses
• 3 Brassicaceae mustards
• 4. Solanaceae nightshade, potato
• 9. Malvaceae mallow family (e.g. cotton)
• 12. Convovulaceae morning glory family

6
Scientific names of crops we need to know, first
the cereals -35

• Barley Hordeum vulgare L.
• Maize Zea mays L.
• Oats Avena sativa L.
• Rice Oryza sativa L.
• Rye Secale cereale L.
• Sorghum Sorghum bicolor (Moench)
• Wheat, bread Triticum aestivum L.

7
Sci. names of crops to know, oil and protein -35

• Bean, com./field Phaseolus vulgaris L.
• Cowpea Vigna spp.
• Peanut Arachis hypogaea L.
• Pigeonpea Cajanus cajan Millsp.
• Soybean Glycine max Merr.
• Sunflower Helianthus annuus L.

8
Sci. names of crops to know - 35

• Root and Tuber
• Cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz
• Potato Solanum tuberosum L.
• Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas L.
• Yams Dioscorea spp.
• Sugar
• Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum L.
• Sugarbeet Beta vulgaris L.

9
Sci. names of crops to know -35

• Fiber
• Cotton, upland Gossypium hirsutum L.
• Kenaf Hibiscus cannabinus L.
• Drug/Medicinal
• Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum L.
• Hemp Cannabis sativa L.

10
Forages - 36

• Very important for feed, crop rotations, erosion
  control, environmental enhancements (landscaping)
  . . .
• But not a focus of this course

11
Other Categories of Life -36

• Taxonomists proposing five kingdoms
• Monera bacteria
• Protista protozoa and algae
• Fungi true fungi
• Plantae Plants
• Animalia multicellular animals
  (insects/worms/mammals)
• (more)

12
Monera -37

• Unicellular
• Reproduce by cell division (binary fission)
• Most abundant organism, most environments
• Include Ps and non-Ps bacteria
• Usually saprophytes or parasites

13
Monera, in agriculture -37

• Breakdown of residues, pesticides,wastes
• Nutrient recycling
• Causative agents for plant diseases
• Improvement of soil structure via decomp.
• Nitrogen Fixation
• Biological control (diseases of pests)

14
Protista -37

• Unicellular and multicellular (e.g. algae)
• Ps and non-Ps, in moist environments
• (Includes marine plankton)
• Algae is seen as basis of food chains and health
  of aquatic ecosystems

15
Fungi - 37

• No Ps
• Saprophytes and parasites
• Reproduce by fission, budding, spores
• Includes molds, yeasts, mushrooms and pathogens
• (More)

16
Fungi, agriculturally -37

• Breakdown of residues, pesticides, wastes
• Nutrient recycling
• Causative agent for many diseases
• Improves soil structure, via decomp.
• Biological control of pests
• Improves absorption of nutrients (mycorrhizae)

17
Viruses -38

• Only reproduce in living cells
• (Non-living)
• Agriculturally important
• Causative agent for diseases
• Biological control of pests

18
Place of Origin -38

• Origin of species defined as geographic area with
  greatest diversity of that species
• Nikolai Vavilov credited with concept
• Important to plant breeders who are seeking rare
  genetic traits
• Jack Harlan did more recent classifications and
  reclassifications

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Vavilovs Centers of Origin

• Center Impt Species
• Chinese Soybean
• Indian Rice
• Central Asia Wheat
• Mediterranean White Clover
• Ethiopia Sorghum
• Central America Maize
• South America Potato, Peanuts

20
Broad categories, based on origin

• Indigenous natives
• Exotic introduced to area, intentionally or
  unintentionally (e.g., kudzu, cogongrass)
• Problem of invasives costing millions

21
Species Native Western Hem.-39

• Prairie grasses many
• Common Bean Maize
• Papaya Peanut
• Potato Sunflower
• Sweet Potato Switchgrass
• Tobacco Tomato

22
Classification Agronomic Use -39

• Grain any crop grown for its seed for animal
  feed or human food
• Cereal grass grown for its edible seed !
• Small Grain small-seeded species of grain crops
• Pulse legume grown for its edible seed !
• Forages Haycut, cured Silageforage
  preserved in succulent condition via
  fermentation Greenchop cut, fed fresh
  (soilage)

23
Specific Agronomic Use/1 ! -40

• Catch replaces failed crops
• Nurse sown to help establish another
• Companion crops grown in association
• Cover protects soil, conserves nutrients
• Supplementary crops grown to increase
  production in unfavorable periods
• Green manure crop incorporated to improve soil
  fertility

24
Specific Agronomic Use/2 ! 40

• Seed any crop grown to produce seed for
  planting
• Trap crop used to attract insects or parasites
• Oil crops grown for oil content
• Fiber crops grown for paper or textiles

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Terms in Cropping Systems -40

• Crop Rotation ! yearly succession of crops
  opposite of monocropping
• Fallow two types
• Summer to conserve moisture
• Bush to restore nutrients

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Sole cropping vs monocropping

• Clarification Sole crop means only one species
  in a field at one time e.g. most US grown row
  crops are sole cropped. Not so in limited
  input farming where farmers will intercrop
  (consorcio) as a risk reduction practice.
  Opposite of intercropping.
• Monocropping is over time, opposite of rotation

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Life Cycle/1 - 41

• Annuals complete entire life cycle and die in
  one year
• Spring annuals grow and mature in spring (e.g.,
  oats, spring wheat)
• Summer annuals plant in spring, harvest in fall
  (e.g., soybeans, peanuts)
• Winter annuals planted in fall, vernalized,
  harvest following spring (winter wheat, winter
  barley, winter rye)

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Life Cycle/2 (cont.) - 41

• Biennials typically require two growing seasons
  to complete life cycle, requiring vernalization
  (e.g., sweetclover, carrot, turnip, sugarbeet)
• Perennials indefinite life period, do not die
  after reproduction

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ID of common plants -42
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Vernation, impt in grass ID -43
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Inflorescence types -45
32
Three most common -45
33
Inflorescence types -45

• Spike (e.g. wheat, rye, barley)
• Raceme (pearl millet)
• Panicle (rice, oats)
• Head (red clover, white clover)

34
Common Field Crops, Cereals -45

• Maize (corn), Zea mays
• Annual
• Flower type imperfect (monoecious) a major
  problem in marginal and unpredictable ppt
  environments
• Types Dent, Flint, Flour, Pop, Pod, Sweet
• Grain about 9 protein
• Ethanol (now)

35
Grain Sorghum, -46

• There are several types of sorghum, however
  Sorghum bicolor is Grain Forage grown in US.
• Life cycle KLB believes it to be short-lived
  perennial it behaves like a perennial it
  rattoons and it has a dormancy mechanism
  (note!)
• Quite drought-tolerant (perfect flowers)
• Efficient user of moisture TR of about 325
• Protein is not well balanced, and only 8, with
  feeding value of 85-90 of corn

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Small Grains -46

• All germinate under cool temps, can be grown
  where ppt is limited
• Barley (Hordeum vulgare), primarily malt and feed
  uses
• Oats (Avena sativa), among highest quality
  grains, 14 and proven cholesterol reducer
  (Cheerios) also, primary nurse crop to est.
  forages
• Rye (Secale cereale), most winter hardy of group
• Wheat, most important and valued (see next)

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Wheat, (½) -47

• Common wheat is Triticum aestivum and is
  hexaploid (6N) bread and pastries 14 protein
• Durum wheat is Triticum durum and is known as
  semolina or spaghetti wheat and is highest
  protein of cereals 17, it is tetraploid (4N)
  
• Winter wheat requires vernalization

38
Wheat (2/2) -47

• Market classes of wheat
• Hard red winter bread -highest yielder (req.
  vern)
• Hard red spring - bread
• Soft red winter (req. vernalization)
• White pastry and biscuit (lowest protein)
• Durum semolina (highest protein)
• Mixed
• Note spring wheats are the Green Revolution
  wheats

39
Barley - 48

• Two major types
• Six-row Hordeum vulgare
• Two-row Hordeum distichum
• There are hulled (lemma and palea attached to
  caryopsis after harvest) and hull-less types

40
Rye -49

• Winter and spring types
• Hardiest and most tolerant of small grains
• Grain may contain fungus (Ergot) which can be
  recognized gives meal fishy smell
• Cover crop in SE, protects soil and conserves
  nutrients (environmental!)

41
Oats -49

• Excellent food and feed high protein
• Typically, dairy operations will have oats in
  program, as feed and to establish forages
• Forage seed develop slowly, permitting weeds to
  get jump on them
• Oats germinate under cool temps and grow quickly,
  shading out the weeds, but permitting the forage
  to get started
• Straw value can be substantial

42
Rice - 50

• Several types (polished rice 8 protein)
• japonica paddy (irrigated) Green Revolution
  rice short, sticky kernels/cooked
• indica upland slender, dry kernels/cooked
• javanica
• African (Nerica) recent yield breakthrough
• Oryzae glabberima Floating rice
• Note that wild rice is not Oryzae, but Zizania

43
Pulse Crops - 50

• Fix their own nitrogen!
• Are high protein, typically 17-25
• Tend to be susceptible to pests
• None have had jumps in yield and many had acreage
  losses to Green Revolution crops

44
Soybeans (Glycine max) -50

• Highest in protein 38
• Also an oil crop 18-20
• Vegetable types known as Edamame
• Healthy food, among other benefits, contains
  lecithin an emulsifier or lubricant in foods
  and pharmaceuticals
• Currently, candidate for biofuel
• When used in crop rotation, contributes about one
  lb. nitrogen per bushel produced, to next crop

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Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

• Also known as groundnut
• Here in FL, most data indicates no response to
  fertilization
• Oil content (biofuel!) is 40
• Protein is 20
• US Farmers grow as quota crop, or additionals

46
Other pulses 51

• Cowpeas (Vigna unguiculata) grows well in hot,
  humid environments
• Field beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) prefers cool
  environments, lots of pests
• Field peas (Pisum sativum) grows well under
  cool temps
• Lentils (Lens culinaris)

47
Oil crops 52

• Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), native US
• Unlikely to see GMO sunflower in near future
• Major restriction in SE Alternaria
• Sesame
• Safflower
• Canola
• (Soybeans and peanuts)

48
Sugar crops 53

• Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris)
• Biennial
• Sugar and feed
• Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum)
• Perennial, rattoons
• Sugar and ethanol

49
Fiber -54

• Cotton, several types (Gossypium hirsutum) is
  upland cotton grown in US
• Seed contains anti-metabolite Gossypol
• Probably most tolerant common crop to saline
  soils (an increasing problem)
• Historically, more pesticides used than any other
  crop, per acre

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Text pages not in quiz

• The forages, while very important, are not the
  focus of this course. The forage information
  starting on page 54, thru 64, will not be on the
  quizzes or final exam.
• The following questions from the Self-Evaluation
  Test are not candidates for quizzes Items 10,
  11, 18, 19, 20, 25. This info is posted in
  corridor outside 2196

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Specific Agronomic Use/3 ! -40

• Sugar crops producing sucrose
• Drug/Medicinal/Stimulant
• Biofuel crops grown to produce fuel, to be used
  directly or thru conversion to liquid

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