INTRODUCTION TO WATER RESOURCES

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INTRODUCTION TO WATER RESOURCES
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ARTESIAN WELL
SINK HOLE
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This is a picture of the San Joaquin Valley in
the agricultural area of California. Years and
years of pumping ground water for irrigation has
caused the land to drop. The top sign shows where
the land surface was back in 1925! Compare that
to where the man is standing (about 1976).
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ASPECT OF WATER QUALITY
pH/acidity/alkalinity/redox hardness dissolved
oxygen chemical oxygen demand biological oxygen
demand nitrogen and phosphorus heavy
metals pesticides dissolved and total solids
organic solvents etc.
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Water Quality Problems
Physical - T/ radio./partic./col./etc Chemical -or
ganic / inorganic Biological - waterborn diseases
etc
1. Organic Pollution 2. Eutrophication 3.
Acidification 4. Toxic contamination 5. Etc.
Natural
Man-made
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Uses of Water

• Agriculture
• Aquaculture
• Communication
• Domestic water supply
• Industry
• Recreation
• etc.

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Water Quality Assessment
Monitoring
Hydrology Physico-chemistry Biology
Site selection / Sampling / Analysis / Database /
Interpretation / Report
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All freshwater bodies are interconnected via
hydrologic cycle

• River
• uni-directional
• av. Flow rate 0.1-1.0 m/s
• continuous vertical mixing
• vert.mixing gtgt horiz. mixing

• Lake
• av. Surface veloc. 0.001-0.01 m/s
• water residence time up to 100s yrs
• multi-directional currents
• alternative periods of stratification and vert.
  mixing

• Groundwater
• steady either direction or flow rate
• av. flow rate 10-10-10-3m/s
• poor mixing
• diverse groundwater dynamics

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Land surface
Reservoirs
Lakes
Rivers
Flood plain
Karstic aquifer
Hyporheic zone
Alluvial aquifer
Marshes
Groundwaters
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