Title: Iconography of Solanaceae: Antiquity to the 17th Century
1Iconography of SolanaceaeAntiquity to the 17th
Century
Marie-Christine Daunay, Jules Janick Henri
Laterrot INRA, UGAFL, Montfavet, France Purdue
University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
2Solanaceae Species
- OLD WORLD
- Mandrake Mandragora spp.
- Henbane Hyoscyamus spp.
- Belladonna Atropa belladonna
- Nightshades Solanum nigrum aff.
- Eggplant Solanum melongena
3Solanaceae Species
- NEW WORLD OLD WORLD
- Alkekengi (OW) Physalis alkekengi
- Husk tomato (NW) Physalis spp.
- Downy thornapple (OW) Datura metel
- Downy thornapple (NW) Datura innoxia
- Jimsonweed (NW) Datura stramonium
4Solanaceae Species
- NEW WORLD
- Tomato Solanum lycopersicum Lycopersicon
esculentum -
- Capsicum pepper Capsicum spp.
- Potato Solanum tuberosum
- Tobacco Nicotiana spp.
5Two main sources of images
paintings
6Sources
- Pre-Columbian Documents
- New World Documents
- Medieval Manuscripts
- Renaissance Herbals
7Otto Brunfels 14641534
Leonhart Fuchs15011566
George Oellinger14871557
8Pier Andrea Mattioli 15011577
Jacques Dalechamp15131588
Rembert Dodoens15171585
9Ulisse Aldrovandi15221605
Mathias de LObel 15381616
Charles de LEcluse 15261609
10John Gerard 1545-1612
Gaspar Bauhin15601624
Besler 15611619
11Other herbalists used
Castor Durante, 15201590
Adam Lonicer, 15281586
Jacobi Zanoni, 16151682
Zuingeri, 16581724
John Parkinson15671629
12Mandrake Harvesting fruits from ivory casket of
Tutankhamun 1327 BCE
13Dioscorides ca. 512, Aniciae Julianae Codex
Dioscorides receiving mandrake from the nymph
Epinoia (Discovery) for Krateuas to paint.
14Dioscorides ca. 512, Aniciae Julianae
Codex Krateuas painting mandrake
15Dioscorides ca. 512
10th C
16Hertensis 9th C
Pflanzenbuch 1500
Tacuinum Sanitatis15th C
17Fuchs 1543
Lobel 1576
18Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
Besler 1613
19Henbane(black, yellow, white)Dioscorides8th C
20Fuchs 1543
21Lobel 1576 (black, white, yellow henbane)
22Belladonna
Horae ad usum romanum15031508
23Fuchs 1543
Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
24Lobel 1576
25Nightshades(Nachtschatten)Dioscorides512
26Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, de herbis 13301340
Schöffer, Herbarius 1485
Horae ad usum romanum 15031508
27Fuchs 1543
28Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, de herbis 13301340
Livre des simples medecines Mid 15th C
29Eggplant
18th C
Sancai Tuhui mid 17th C
Hu Sihui 1330
Zhiwu Mingshi Tukao 1858
30Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, de herbis 13301340
31Tacuinum sanitatis
15th C
13851390
32Tacuinum sanitatis 13901400
Manuel des vertus vegetaux, animaux 1480
33Villa Farnesina ceiling festoons, RomaUdine
15151518
34Fuchs 1543
Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
35Besler 1613
36Dalechamp 1653
37Archimboldo Autumn 1573
38Pisa Cathedral 1601
39Alkekengi
Dioscorides 7th C
40Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, de herbis 13301340
Bartholomaeus mini, tractatus de herbis 2nd half
of 15th C
Horae ad usum romanum15031508
41Fuchs 1543
Codex bellunensis 15th C
42Husk TomatoAldrovandi 16th C
43Besler 1613
44Hernandez 1651
45Downy Thornapple Old WorldDatura metel
Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
Ollinger 1553
46Still Leben mit Kurbissen ca. 1650
47Besler 1613
48Downy Thornapple Datura inoxiaFuchs 1543
49Jimsonweed Datura stramonium Florentine Codex
15401585
50Aldrovandi 2nd half 16th C
Dodoens 1608
51Besler 1613
52TomatoColumbia 900915 CEMcMeekin, 1992
53Fuchs unpubl. 15491556
Dodens 1553
Gessner unpubl. 1553
54Ollinger 1553
55Matthioli 1586
Dodoens 1574
56Pisa Cathedral 1601
57Besler 1613
58Capsicum Pepper
Peru 400500 CE
Mexico 5001500
59Mexico, Codex Mendoza 1542
60Codex Amphibiorum 1540
61Fuchs 1543
Capsicum chinense?
Capsicum annuum
62Ollinger 1553
Capsicum chinense?
Capsicum annuum
63Aldrovandi 16th century
Lobel 1576
Capsicum pubescens?
Capsicum annuum
64Pisa Cathedral 1601
Besler 1613
Capsicum baccatum?
Capsicum annuum
65Potato
Proto-Chimu period pre-columbian, 200 CE
Chimu period pre-columbian, 900
66Filipe Guaman Poma de Ayala 1615, Peru
67Plantin Collection 16th C
Gerarde 1597
68Clusius 1601
69Besler 1613
70Tobacco
Florentine Codex 15401585, Mexico
Badianus manuscript, 1552
71Fuchs unpubl. 15421565
72Lobel 1576
73Besler 1613
74Conclusions 1. Iconography and related texts
are a rich source of information on genetic
diversity, nomenclature, and uses. 2. New World
Solanaceae were eagerly acquired and described by
Renaissance herbalists, quickly adopted in
Southern Europe, and became major crops world
wide. 3. A paradox exists in that the harmless
species (eggplant, tomato, and potato) were
tainted with the malevolent properties of some
Old World Solanaceae (mandrake, henbane, and
belladonna) whereas tobacco, which poses a
world-wide health hazard, was considered a
panacea.
75Acknowledgements Libraries Missouri Botanical
Garden, Saint Louis Botanical Garden,
Berlin Natural History Museum, London BNF,
Museum National dHistoire Naturelle, Paris
Musée Ceccano Musée Requien,
Avignon Scientists G. van der Weerden, A.
Palloix, S. Knapp, L. Bohs, B. Schultz, H.S.
Paris Technical Help A. Whipkey, E.
Jullian