DNA and Transcription Tutorial

1
DNA and Transcription Tutorial
Place your keyboard aside. Only use the mouse.
2
Genes and DNA

• DNA can be divided into segments called genes. It
  is estimated that human DNA is composed of
  25,000 genes among its 46 total chromosomes.
• Quick Review. What is the monomer of a protein?

monosaccharide
nucleotides
amino acid
fatty acid
3
Genes
back

• Correct. Amino acids link to create proteins.
• Genes (small sections of DNA) are blueprints to
  make proteins for use throughout the body. Genes
  are found inside the nucleus of cells, but
  proteins are created outside of the nucleus.
• Quick review. Which organelle creates proteins?

mitochondria
chloroplast
lysosome
ribosome
4
Meet Melissa
back

• Yes! Ribosomes make proteins.
• Melissa is an architect and has designed a new
  high-rise apartment complex.
• The construction blueprint holds the information
  needed to create the high-rise apartment complex.
• A gene is like the construction blueprints. The
  gene holds the information needed to make a
  protein.
• Quick Review. Which cells contain the diploid
  chromosome number?

Nerve cells
Egg cells
Sperm cells
All cells
5
Transcription
back
Correct! Lets move on though

• The DNA undergoes a process called transcription.
  Transcription is the process where the DNA code
  of a gene is used to make a molecule called
  messenger RNA (mRNA).
• Examine the picture. The red letters are DNA
  nucleotides. The green letters are mRNA being
  created. Notice how mRNA nucleotides are
  attaching to the DNA sequence.
• Quick review Where is DNA stored?

Cytoplasm
Vesicle
Nucleus
Vacuole
6
Transcription (continued)
back

• Yes, the nucleus stores DNA.
• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
7
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA polymerase
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
8
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA polymerase
C
C
G
T
A
T
A
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
9
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA polymerase
C
C
G
T
A
A
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
10
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA polymerase
C
C
T
A
A
G
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
11
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA polymerase
C
C
A
A
G
T
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
12
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA polymerase
C
A
A
C
G
T
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
13
Transcription (continued)
back

• Remember that transcription will make mRNA.
  Heres how. An enzyme called RNA Polymerase
  breaks apart the bonds that holds the 2 strands
  of DNA nucleotides together.
• One by one, the RNA polymerase moves down the DNA
  chain.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA polymerase
A
A
C
C
G
T
T
Key
Nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate
14
Transcription (continued)
back

• Now that the DNA has been separated,
  free-floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the now
  open DNA nucleotides.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
RNA polymerase
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
15
Transcription Rules
back

• Now that the DNA has been separated,
  free-floating mRNA nucleotides bond to the now
  open DNA nucleotides.
• When performing transcription, remember the table
  below.

16
Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which mRNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
A
U
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
17
Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
A
U
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
18
Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
A
U
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
19
Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
U
A
U
G
A
U
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
20
Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
A
U
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
21
Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
U
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
22
Predicting Transcription
back

• Use the transcription table to predict which RNA
  nucleotide will match the DNA nucleotide.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
A
U
Click one
C
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
23
Predicting Transcription
back

• Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach
  from the DNA
• Exit the nucleus And then hook up with a
  ribosome.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
24
Predicting Transcription
back

• Now that the mRNA is complete, it will detach
  from the DNA
• Exit the nucleus And then hook up with a
  ribosome.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
25
Fate of the DNA?
back

• Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
26
Fate of the DNA?
back

• Once the mRNA breaks away, the DNA will recombine.

T
T
A
A
C
G
G
A
C
C
G
T
A
T
27
The final stage.
back

• Remember Melissa? Her blueprint for the apartment
  complex needs to be copied and then taken to the
  construction site. In this analogy, Melissa would
  fax the blueprints over to the construction site.
  The fax would be the mRNA. The construction site
  is the ribosome.
• Now that a copy of the blueprint has arrived, the
  construction team can begin to build the
  apartment complex. In a cell, now that the mRNA
  has arrived, the ribosome has the instructions to
  begin to make a protein.

28
The final stage.
back
A
U
G
U
C
C
A
ribosome

• mRNA makes a copy of the DNA
• the mRNA exits the nucleus
• the mRNA links up with a ribosome.

Once at the ribosome, the process called
translation will begin. Translation is the
process where a ribosome builds a protein. The
details of translation will be discussed another
day. For now, lets review.
29
Final Review 1
back

• What will eventually be created by the DNA code
  of a gene?

ribosome
protein
nucleolus
30

• Ribosomes create proteins.

31

• The nucleolus makes ribosomes.

32
Final Review 2
back

• Correct! Now try this one
• RNA polymerase separates DNA at the start of
  which process?

transcription
translation
replication
33

• Translation is the process which creates proteins.

34

• Replication is the process which copies DNA.

35
Final Review 3
back

• Correct. Now try this one
• RNA polymerase is a type of which organic
  molecule?

Proteins/ enzyme
Nucleic acid
carbohydrate
lipid
36

• Review the table.

37
Final Review 4
back

• Correct! Now try this one
• Which shows the process of transcription done
  properly?

Key Black DNA Red mRNA
38

• Remember, the transcription table?

39
Final Review 5
back

• Correct. Now try this one
• After exiting the nucleus, where will the
  finished mRNA travel?

ribosome
mitochondria
nucleolus
40

• mRNA does not travel to the mitochondria.

41

• The nucleolus is inside the nucleus. This cant
  be the answer.

42
Final Review 6
back

• Correctnow try this last one
• Once arriving at the ribosome, which process will
  begin next?

replication
transcription
translation
43

• Replication makes a copy of DNA. It takes place
  inside the nucleus.

44

• Transcription creates mRNA from DNA. It takes
  place inside the nucleus.

45
Good jobI hope this tutorial was helpful. This
will be posted on my website for you to review at
any time. Turn in your handout. Feel free to
start over if you would like to do some review.
46

• Monosaccharides link to create a carbohydrate.

47

• Fatty acids link to create a lipid.

48

• Nucleotides link to create a nucleic acid.

49

• Mitochondria creates ATP energy.

50

• Lysosomes destroy microorganisms.

51

• Chloroplasts create sugar by photosynthesis.

52

• Sex cells (sperm and egg) are always haploid.
  Non-sex cells are always diploid.

53

• The cytoplasm is the liquid portion inside the
  cell. Most parts float in itbut not the DNA.

54

• Vesicles usually contain and transport proteins
  around the cell.

55

• Vacuoles store food and water molecules.

56

• Review the transcription table and click the
  return button below.

57

• Review the transcription table and click the
  return button below.

58

• Review the transcription table and click the
  return button below.

59

• Review the transcription table and click the
  return button below.

60

• Review the transcription table and click the
  return button below.

61

• Review the transcription table and click the
  return button below.

62

• Review the transcription table and click the
  return button below.