Christianity in China

1
Christianity in China

• to the 14C, in China
• Nestorian, Roman Catholic Christians
• as well as Islam and Judaism
• modern Christian contact
• Jesuits return under Matteo Ricci (1552-1610)
• intellectual, top down approach mastered
  Chinese technology
• Confucianism argues Christianity is consistent
• few converts 200,000 mid 18C
• Christian absolutism difficult for Chinese to
  accept
• Christian preaching banned in China
• sets the scene for modern, sustained contact with
  the west

2
The East Asian Giants Compared

• China
• large and connected (land and sea)
• ethnically, culturally diverse
• intellectual and technological innovation
• tensions between change and continuity
• government exerts control
• domestic innovation suppressed
• conservativism
• foreign influence minimized

• Japan
• small and separated from mainland
• ethnically, culturally similar
• intellectual and technological innovation focus
  on war pre16C
• tension between change and continuity
• government exerts control
• domestic innovation material change
• liberalism (managed change)
• foreign influence controlled
• adoption and adaptation

3
Answers to Absolutism legislative and judicial
checks political and philosophical
theory ongoing warfare

• again, all this costs money

4

• Peter de Hooch, 1662, 1674
• The real change is in
• early-modern
• European Society voice?

5
The estates general

• one of a series of political bodies throughout
  France
• formal institutional vestige of reciprocal
  power-sharing between king and first estate
  (clergy)
• second estate (nobility)
• third estate (commoners)
• could act as a powerful check on the king and
  esp. his ability to raise the amount and type of
  taxes collected
• however, only the king could call this body.

6

• Local
• parlements
• National
• estates general

7
The ideal and problems of governing

• Frontispiece for Leviathan
• - Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
• John Locke (1632-1704)
• Essay on Toleration (1667)
• Essay on the Human Understanding
  (1690) Treatise on Government

8
Qualified citizenshipeg British (Irish) citizens

• Ireland a dependent and subordinate kingdom
• series of penal laws that enshrined exclusion of
  Catholics from political, social and territorial
  power
• by 1703 less than 20 population Protestant
  (English and Scottish descent)
• owned 86 of the land
• In 1691 all MPs in Irish parliament took an
  oath
• repudiating the Popes authority to dispose
  any monarch
• denying transubstantiation
• Next 15 years penal codes
• schools, horses, land, weapons, clerics
• Effects political, economic, legal,
  psychological
• exam q.

9
Country is community

• on-going warfare
• the Defeat of the French Fireships
  attacking the British fleet at Quebec,
  1759 Serres (Library and Archives
  Canada,C-4291)
• necessitates expenditures
• Sergeant James Thompson (Frasers Highlanders)
  
• claymore carried into battle on the plains of
  Abraham (CWM 19720103-006)
• administrative and legislative power

10
On-going warfare at home

• Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1745

11
On-going warfareon continent

• the Defeat of the French Fireships
  attacking the British fleet at Quebec,
  1759 Serres (Library and Archives
  Canada,C-4291)
• war of Quadruple Alliance (1718-20)
• war of the Austrian succession (1740-48)
• Seven years war (1756- )

12
On-going warfare in colonies

• Seven years war (1756-63)
• War of American Independence (1775-83)

13
All this costs moneya polite and commercial
people

• increases in production commodities
• manufacturing
• but the real money was in? Great Linford, near
  Milton Keyes

14

• West India Docks, from Microcosm of
  London (1808) Ackermann
• Mercantilism
• the Navigation Acts
• an English cargo ketch (c. 1770) 180 tons

15
In order to trade, and protect trade Britain,
and EIC needed ships

• Atlantic and Indian Ocean routes
• protection of trading sites on coast of India
  central
• as long as the EIC dependent on British navy, had
  to pay
• British government in turn demanded.
• eventually India governed by
• the British government through
• the Secretary of State for India
• in Cabinet

16
A Village in Provinçe

• Friday everyone will be assigned the identity of
  someone from a small, fictional community in
  Provençe in the late 17C.
• Traditionally our community has been fairly
  isolated, with the result that
• the local land holders exercise a great deal of
  power
• a local bishop
• growing (but still small) commercial and
  professional class of people (who will become the
  bourgeoisie)
• the majority of the population in this region
  works on the land.
• the central authority of the king reaches into
• the region, in the person of a local intendent
• Will you survive? Survivors will receive prizes