Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life

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Chapter 19
Introduction to the Kingdoms of Life
Section 1 Introduction to Kingdoms and
Domains
Section 2 Advent of Multicellularity
Section 3 Complex Multicellularity
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Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
Objectives

• Identify the characteristics used to classify
  kingdoms.
• Differentiate bacteria from archaebacteria.

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Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Six Kingdoms of Life

• Kingdoms Members of the six kingdoms are grouped
  according to their cell type, cell complexity,
  body type, and nutrition.

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Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Three Domains of Life

• Domains Bacteria contain the kingdom Eubacteria,
  Archae contain the kingdom Archaebaceria, and
  Eukarya contain the kingdoms Animalia, Fungi,
  Plantae, and Protista.

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Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Bacteria

• Characteristics of Bacteria Bacteria are
  classified according to their cell wall, gene
  structure, and gene translation apparatus.
  Bacteria are prokaryotes that have peptidoglycan
  in their cell wall and no introns in their genes.
• Kinds of Bacteria Bacteria are heterotrophic or
  autotrophic.

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Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Archae

• Characteristics of Archaebacteria Archaebacteria
  are classified according to their cell wall, cell
  membrane, gene structure, and gene translation
  apparatus. Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that
  have unusual lipids in their cell membrane, no
  peptidoglycan in their cell wall, and introns in
  their genes.
• Kinds of Archaebacteria Methanogens,
  extremophiles (thermophiles and halophiles), and
  nonextreme archaebacteria are three types of
  archaebacteria.

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Section 1
Introduction to Kingdoms and Domains
The Domain Eukarya

• Characteristics of Eukarya Eukarya are classified
  based on cell interior, multicellularity, and
  sexual reproduction.
• Kinds of Eukaryotes Four types of Eukaryotes
  include Animalia, Fungi, Plantae, and Protista.

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Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
Objectives

• Contrast the terms colony and aggregate.
• List the characteristics of protists.
• List the characteristics of fungi.

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Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
The Many Forms of Multicellularity

• Colonies A colonial organism is a group of cells
  that live together permanently but do not
  coordinate most cell activity.
• Aggregations Aggregations are collections of
  cells that come together for a limited period of
  time.
• True Multicellularity Only eukaryotes exhibit
  true multicellularity, which occurs when the
  activities of the individual cells are
  coordinated and the cells are in contact with one
  another.

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Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
The Many Forms of Multicellularity continued

• Complex Multicellularity Plants and animals show
  complex multicellularity, which occurs when
  specialized cells are organized into structures
  called tissues, organs, and organ systems.

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Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
Kingdom Protista

• Kinds of Protists Protists include multicellular
  and unicellular eukaryotes and can be
  heterotrophs or autotrophs.

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Section 2
Advent of Multicellularity
Kingdom Fungi

• Kinds of Fungi Fungi are eukaryotic, and
  principally heterotrophs that exist mainly as
  slender hyphae.

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Section 3
Complex Multicellularity
Objectives

• List the levels of cellular organization that
  occur in plants and animals.
• Name the characteristics of plants.
• Identify the characteristics of animals.
• Differentiate plants from animals.

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Section 3
Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Plantae

• Characteristics of Plants Plants are
  photosynthetic eukaryotes with tissue. Their
  cells have cell walls. They are the primary
  producers in most terrestrial food webs. They
  release oxygen and aid in resource cycling.
• Kinds of Plants Plants differ according to the
  type of vascular tissue and reproductive
  structures. The types of plants include
  nonvascular, seedless vascular, nonflowering seed
  plants, and flowering seed plants.

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Section 3
Complex Multicellularity
Kingdom Animalia

• Characteristics of Animals Animals are
  multicellular heterotrophs with cells that lack a
  cell wall, that are organized as tissues, and
  that are mostly diploid. They reproduce sexually,
  and their zygotes develop through several stages.
• Kinds of Animals Animals include sponges and
  cnidarians, mollusks, worms, arthropods,
  echinoderms, and vertebrates.
• Ecological Roles Animals can fulfill various
  roles in an ecosystem including consumers and
  detrivores.