Nation Building and Nationalism

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Chapter 9

• Nation Building and Nationalism

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• Life in the 1820s was very different from that of
  the 1780s and 1790s
• Lafayette noticed this when he visited in 1824
• Then on 4 July 1826, the 50th anniversary of the
  Declaration of Independence, both Thomas
  Jefferson and John Adams died
• The old world was ending and a new one beginning

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Population

• Between 1760 and 1880, our population grew by
  1290
• Our population had doubled every 23 years
• European population doubled every 100 years
• We can attribute this to both natural increase
  and immigration
• There was a baby boom right after the revolution

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• Availability of land encouraged men and women to
  marry young
• The more children one had, the more hands there
  were to work the land
• As fewer children died during childhood, parents
  started to limit the size of their families
• By 1830, 1/3 of the population was under the age
  of 10

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• Immigration also caused a rise in population
• U.S. ideals seemed to promote immigration
• Asylum for the oppressed
• All were welcome
• Some came for political reasons
• Others came for economic reasons
• Citizenship only given to whites, mostly Europeans

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James Monroe

• During his presidency, land was peacefully
  acquired
• This land offered new opportunities to those
  willing to move
• He served 2 terms, 1816 1824

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• Monroes time in office was known as the Era of
  Good Feelings
• Monroe was a
• A Virginian
• Eccentric in dress
• Successful as president
• Had political good luck
• Got to preside over the calm before the next
  storm
• John Quincy Adams was his Sec. of State

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John Quincy Adams

• Son of John and Abigail Adams
• Diplomat to Russia
• Senator
• Later became the 6th president of the United
  States
• After the presidency, he bacame a member of the
  House of Representatives
• Brilliantly successful as Secretary of State
• Strove for peaceful expansion

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J.Q.A.s Accomplishments

• Gained political distance from Europe by
  acquiring territory from Spain
• Gained fishing rights in the Atlantic
• Got land through negotiation, not war
• Rush-Bagot Treaty, 1817
• An agreement with Britain to limit Great Lakes
  Naval Forces 1st disarmament treaty

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• Convention of 1818
• Fixed the U.S. Canadian border west to the
  Rocky Mountains at the 49th parallel

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• Adams-Onis Treaty or the Transcontinental Treaty,
  1819
• Spain ceded Florida to The U.S. for 5 million
• It defined the southern border of the Louisiana
  purchase
• It gave the U.S. territorial claims extending to
  the Pacific
• Map, p. 257

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• Monroe Doctrine, 1823
• Written by John Quincy Adams
• Issued in response to the independence of Latin
  American republics
• Initially, Britain made a proposal for joint
  action with U.S. Adams rejected this insisting
  that U.S. must act independently to avoid foreign
  entanglements
• Announced by Monroe in his last message to
  Congress

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• Monroe said there was to be no more colonization
  of the Western Hemisphere by European nations
• There was to be no intervention by Europe in the
  affairs of the independent New World nations
• This was to be the foundation of American foreign
  policy in the Western Hemisphere
• We werent really strong enough in in 1823 to
  enforce this

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Missouri Compromise

• In 1819 the question of slavery was brought
  before the Congress when Missouri asked to be
  admitted to the Union as a slave state
• At this time, there were 22 states in the Union
• 11 states were free Massachusetts, Connecticut,
  Rhode Island Vermont, New Hampshire, New York,
  New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana,
  Illinois

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• 11 states were slave Virginia, Maryland,
  Delaware, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina,
  South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi,
  Louisiana
• Political balance had been kept by admitting
  alternately from 1802 1819, a slave and then a
  free state
• Even with the 3/5 ratio operating in the slave
  states favor, they only had 81 votes in the
  House of Representatives free states had105

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• And the population of the North seemed to be
  growing faster than that in the South
• To preserve sectional balance, the South looked
  to its equal vote in the Senate
• February, 1819, when the House was considering
  admitting Missouri to the Union as a slave state,
  Representative James Tallmadge, Jr. of New York
  offered an amendment

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• The amendment prohibited the further introduction
  of slaves into Missouri and provided for the
  emancipation at age 25 of all slave offspring
  born after Missouri became a state
• There was bitter debate
• The House passed the Tallmadge Amendment
• The Senate struck it from the Missouri bill

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• Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine
  was then admitted as a free state to keep the
  balance it was then 12 free, 12 slave

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• Slavery was then forever prohibited in the rest
  of the Louisiana Territory north of 36 degrees,
  30 latitude of Missouris southern border
• Map, p. 273

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Settlement

• Many wished to settle in all this new territory
• It was generally thought that Native Americans
  would have to be displaced
• As a result of military defeats, there were only
  small pockets of Indians in the Ohio Valley and
  in the N.W. Territories
• Many Native Americans had already moved west of
  the Mississippi

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• The last stand of Indians in this region was from
  1831-1832 when the Sac and Fox Indians under
  Chief Black Hawk refused to move from their lands
  east of the Mississippi
• They were pushed west to the rivers edge where
  they were almost exterminated by federal troops
  the Illinois militia while trying to cross and go
  west they were doomed

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• The federal government used a combination of
  deception, bribery, and threats to get the
  Indians to move further west
• Settlers poured in
• By 1840, 1/3 of Americans lived beyond the
  Appalachians
• Many bought land for 1.25 per acre
• People moved in groups looking for something
  familiar

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• Mountain men like Kit Carson, Jedidiah Smith, and
  Jim Beckwourth struck out on their own pictures,
  p. 258
• Mountain men would meet up with Native Americans
  and company agents at a Rendezvous in Pinedale,
  Wyoming to trade furs in exchange for food,
  ammunition, and needed goods

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• There was a growing need for more food to feed
  those in the ever-growing cities
• So transportation needed to be improved roads,
  railroads, canals
• These resulted from the Industrial Revolution

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Industrial Revolution

• Did more than just change the way products were
  made
• Changed peoples jobs, how they lived, and what
  they used in their daily lives
• Changed transportation systems and created towns
• Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in
  1764 when new machines were invented and
  introduced

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• Spinning Jenny -- by James Hargreaves in 1764
  used for spinning yarn but of poor quality
• Water Frame -- by Richard Arkwright spun
  multiple strands of yarn at one time was of
  higher quality
• Steam Engine -- by James Watts used to power
  the inventions so water power was no longer
  necessary

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• Spinning Jenny

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• Water frame

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• Steam engine

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• By early 1800s, most spinning was being done in
  factories called safe houses
• Britain tried to keep their technology secret,
  but British immigrants brought their knowledge to
  the U.S.
• Samuel Slater in 1790 started the first textile
  mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island

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• Industry really didnt take hold until we were
  cut off from imported goods during the War of
  1812
• Francis Cabot Lowell and the Boston Associates
  set up industry in Massachusetts after visiting
  Britain in 1811
• Lowell felt the U.S. could set up a better system
  of factories
• They eventually did in Lowell, Lawrence, and
  Chicopee, Massachusetts used Mill Girls

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U.S. was a good place for industry

• We had a shortage of labor and machines could do
  the work of several men
• We had natural resources rivers, streams,
  coal
• We had investors
• We had inventors and inventions
• Cyrus McCormick and his reaper
• Samuel F.B. Morse and the telegraph, 1832
• Charles Goodyear vulcanized rubber,1844
• Eli Whitney and his interchangeable parts

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• We improved transportation to get raw materials
  to the factories and the finished goods to market
• We created railroads, roads, and canals
• Our rivers ran mainly north to south
• We needed routes from east to west
• So the Erie Canal was built in New York 1817-1825
• Artificial water route, 364 miles long

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• It connected Buffalo to Albany and the Hudson
  River, then on to New York City
• End result was an unbroken water route from the
  Atlantic to the Great Lakes
• The canal cut transportation costs
• It also cut the time involved from 26 days to 6
  days
• Other canals were built, like the C O that
  connects Washington, D.C. with Cumberland, but it
  wasnt as successful

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Railroads

• Began in Britain in 1825
• Soon after track were also laid in America
• By 1830s, builders laid 3,000 lines of track
• By 1860s, there were 30,000 miles of track
• Railroads were more reliable than waterways no
  freezing
• But there were some problems
• Different gauge track (different sizes)
• Railroad bridges took long time to build

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• Roads --- National Road (Rt. 40)
• Wherever one found roads, railroads, or canals,
  towns would spring up
• If a town was bypassed, then that town would
  probably become a ghost town
• Immigrants often supplied the labor for the
  building of these roads, railroads, and canals
• Irish sometimes the only job open to them
• Chinese not many job choices open to them

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Classes

• Distinct classes began forming
• Upper Class lived away from factories and town
  centers, belonged to clubs, and had indoor
  plumbing
• Working Class lived near factories and made low
  wages
• There was a new class emerging, the Middle Class
• Salesmen, clerks, bookkeepers, accountants,
  other white collar workers

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• The middle class gave hope to the working class
• One could work his way up the ladder of success
• Through education
• Moving west for new opportunities
• Through the lyceum movement
• Libraries
• Museums
• Life was changing the old world was gone