Take out Your Homework Section Two

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Take out Your Homework (Section Two)

• Tonights Homework
• Read Section 4
• Answer Questions 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8

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Take out Your Homework

• Homework Tonight
• Read Social Classes Article
• Define each social class by paraphrasing the
  excerpt

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Ancient Rome
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Why study Ancient Rome?

• Modern Romance languages (Italian, Spanish,
  French, Portuguese, and Romanian) trace their
  origins to Latin, the language of the Romans.
• Form of government (Republic) and policy
• Christianity, which arose during the Roman
  Empire, remains one of the worlds main religions
• Social classes Tensions between rich and poor
  continue to affect society, as they did in the
  days of patrician and plebeians
• Classical sculptures and architecture

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Geography of Rome
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The Mythical Founding of RomeRomulus Remus
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Legend versus Reality

• City built by twin brothers who fought for power
• In reality, people began to settle in Rome
  because of its location and fertile
  soil.basically the GEOGRAPHY of Rome was
  favorable

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peninsula
mountains
rivers
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Rome is west of Apennines Mts more fertile land
river access
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Long ago on a peninsula far, far away

• Apennine Mountains not so rugged as the Greek
  mainland, did not divide the country into small
  isolated communities
• Large fertile plains could support a large
  population
• Rome was located on Tiber River access to the
  Mediterranean Sea
• Built on seven hills easily defended military
  strategy

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The early Romans were mostly
farmers
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Agriculture was the most important industry in
the empire.
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The History of Ancient Italy
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c. 750 BCE Latins (tribe) settle what
becomes Rome
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c. 600 BCE Etruscans Conquer Rome
Romans adopt Etruscan alphabet, art, gods,
building techniques (including the arch)
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In 509 BCE...
the Romans overthrew the Etruscans
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Influence of the Etruscans

• Writing
• Religion
• The Arch

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PEOPLE The Latins -Rome The First
Romans -Influence Latin Language The
Etruscans -Northern Italy -Urbanized Rome
Building Programs (the Forum) -Influence on
Romans the arch, alphabet The
Greeks -Southern Italy and Sicily -Influence on
Romans art, architecture, literature,
government, grew olives and grapes, Greek
alphabet,
Ancient Italy (c. 6th century B.C.)
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Roman Women

• educated just like boys

• couldnt vote but could testify in court

• gained property rights

• more influence in family than Greek women

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The Roman Republic 509 BCE - 27 BCE
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Unlike the Athenians, who had a direct or
participatory democracy, the Romans established a
representative democracy, or, a republic
like we have today
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The Roman Republic (509 B.C. 27 B.C.)

• 509 B.C., Romans rejected Etruscan king
  (monarchy) and established a republic.
• Power rests with the citizens who have the right
  to vote for their leaders.
• In Rome, citizenship with voting rights was
  granted only to free-born male citizens.

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Consequences of Freedom

• The Romans lost trade with the Etruscans and with
  Greek colonies in southern Italy. (What little
  there had been in imports ended)
• Rome's plebeian merchants and craftsmen suffered
  from lack of imports.
• Rome experienced economic depression and grain
  shortages

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The Roman Republic

• STRUGGLE FOR POWER CLASS CONFLICT
• Patricians- wealthy landowners who held most of
  the power inherited power and social status
• Plebeians- (Plebs) common farmers, artisans and
  merchants who made up the majority of the
  population can vote, but cant rule
• Both had the right to vote but only the
  patricians could be elected to government
  positions
• Intermarriage between patrician and plebeians was
  forbidden
• Tribunes- elected representatives who protect
  plebeians political rights.

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The Roman Republic A Republican form of
Government (509 B.C. 27 B.C.)
A Balanced Government Rome elects two consuls
one to lead army, one to direct
government Senate- chosen from patricians (Roman
upper class), make foreign and domestic
policy Popular assemblies elect tribunes, make
laws for plebeians (commoners) Dictators- leaders
appointed briefly in times of crisis (appt. by
consuls and senate)
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The Roman Republic (509 B.C. 27 B.C.)

• THE TWELVE TABLES
• 451 B.C., officials carve Roman laws on twelve
  tablets and hung in Forum.
• Laws confirm right of all free citizens to
  protection of the law
• Become the basis for later Roman law

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451 BCE First Roman Law Code
TWELVE carved stone tablets
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The Twelve Tables, 451 BCE

• Providing political and socialrights for the
  plebeians.

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The Roman Forum
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Roman Forum

• Political center of Roman Empire
• Ideal place for dramatic public speeches
• Town Square, mall (vendors), and government center

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Roman Roads The Appian Way
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Roman Roads
As they expanded their control, the Romans built
an excellent network of roads.
Why was this significant?
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Roman Roads
How they were built
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Roman Roads

• Their road system is one of the Romans greatest
  achievements

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The Roman Road System

• allowed easy military transport

• enabled trade and commerce

• helped unify expanding Roman territories

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Military OrganizationThe Roman Army
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The Roman Army

• All citizens were required to serve
• Army was powerful
• Organization fighting skill
• Legion- military unit of 5,000 infantry (foot
  soldiers) supported by cavalry (horseback)

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Rome Spreads its Power

• Romans defeat Etruscans in north and Greek
  city-states in south
• Treatment of Conquered
• Forge alliances
• Offer citizenship
• By 265 B.C., Rome controls Italian peninsula

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Romes Commercial Network

• Rome establishes a large trading network
• Access to Mediterranean Sea provides many trade
  routes

• Carthage, powerful city-state in North Africa,
  soon rivals Rome

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Military OrganizationThe Punic Wars
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Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)

• Three Wars between Rome and Carthage

The destruction of Carthage during the Punic
Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

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The 1st Punic War

• After conquering the peninsula Rome is more
  involved in the islands
• Rome and Carthage fight for control of Sicily
• War goes on for 23 years 264-241 B.C.E.
• Rome wins - Carthage has to pay a fine, give up
  Sicily Sardinia Corsica

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Stay on Target!The 2nd Punic War

• Carthages kingHamlicarmakes son, Hannibal
  swear to be Romes enemy for life
• 2nd Punic War starts in 218 B.C.E. when Hannibal
  crosses the Alps from Spain
• Uses African war elephants to carry equipment.
• Hannibal is somewhat successful but loses in the
  end

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Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)

• 2nd Punic War- Carthaginian General Hannibals
  surprise attack through Spain France
• 60,000 soldiers and 60 elephants
• Romans experience severe losses, but eventually
  ward off attacks invade North Africa

The destruction of Carthage during the Punic
Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

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Hannibal's troops crossing the Rhone River on
their way to attack northern Italy.
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Punic Wars (264-146 B.C.)

• 3rd Punic War- Rome seizes Carthage
• Scipio- Roman Strategist
• Conquered people sold into slavery

The destruction of Carthage during the Punic
Wars. New York Public Library Picture Collection

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May the force be with you.Winning An Empire

• 50 years later, Carthage disobeys these terms,
  Rome burns the city to the ground
• Rome turns eastward to defeat the Greeks after
  Carthaginians fall
• Many gains for Romeespecially

Grain
Slaves
Treasure
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The period 27 BCE-180 AD (the last two maps) is
known as the
PAX ROMANA
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During this period

• Romans thought they were the entire civilized
  world

• Rome enjoyed military dominance

• The population of the city of Rome reached 1
  million

• Trade increased, bringing a wealth of resources
  into Rome

• The arts flourished

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Do you think the Roman Republic owed its success
more to its form of government, or its army?
Why?How does Romes rise to power relate to
modern efforts to gain power and authority?
Why were the Romans able to conquer Italy the
Mediterranean World? (Give a few reasons and
explain)