Ingen diastitel

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Lectures on English Grammar, 3
BA, 1st semester The Structure of
Clauses Finite and Non-finite
Torben Thrane
stacking
bricks
into
trees
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Naming constituents Substance
S
NP
VP
the plane
landed
D
N
V
the
plane
landed
3
S
NP
VP
the plane
has landed
D
N
Aux
V
the
plane
has
landed
4
S
NP
VP
landed the plane
VP
NP
the pilot
landed
the plane
D
N
V
D
N
the
pilot
landed
the
plane
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S
NP
VP
bought a big flashy American car
VP
NP
the pilot
bought
a big flashy American car
D
N
V
D
A
A
A
N
bought
the
pilot
a
big
flashy
American
car
6
S
NP
VP
AdvP
bought one
VP
NP
John
bought
one
too
PN
V
Pro
Adv
John
bought
one
too
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S
NP
VP
AdvP
bought one
VP
NP
John
bought
one
too
PN
V
Pro
Adv
John
bought
one
too
8
S
NP
VP
AdvP
VP
NP
PN
V
Pro
Adv
John
bought
one
too
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S
NP
VP
PP
VP
NP
PP
NP
NP
D
N
V
D
N
P
PN
P
N
Q
the
pilot
flew
the
plane
to
London
in
hours
two
her
son
crashed
her
car
during
Easter
with
some
friends
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Assigning functions to constituents form
S
Predicate
Subject
VP
NP
the plane
has landed
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S
Subject
Predicate
VP
NP
Predicator
Object
VP
NP
the pilot
has landed
the plane
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S
Subject
Predicate
Adjunct
VP
NP
PP
Adjunct
VP
AdvP
Predicator
Object
VP
NP
the pilot
has landed
the plane
safely
at Heathrow
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Syntactic categories
Syntactic functions
S
Subject
NP
Predicate
VP
Predicator
AdvP
Object
Complement
PP
Adjunct
AP
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Adjunct Positions

• Front-position
  Clearly he had seen us
• Mid-position
  He clearly had seen us
  He had clearly seen us He
  had seen clearly us
• End-position He had seen us clearly

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Frontposition - structural possibilities
S
AdvP
NP
VP
Clearly
VP
Aux
he
had
V
NP
us
seen
Modal - subjective
But I say that it is clear that he saw us
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Midposition - structural possibilities
S
NP
VP
AdvP
VP
Aux
VP
he
clearly
V
NP
had
seen
us
Modal - objective
There is clear evidence that he saw us
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Midposition - structural possibilities
S
NP
VP
Aux
VP
AdvP
VP
he
had
clearly
V
NP
seen
us
Modal - neutral
It is clear that he saw us
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Endposition - structural possibilities
S
AdvP
NP
VP
clearly
VP
Aux
he
had
V
NP
us,
seen
Modal - persuasive
I am sure that he saw us
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Endposition - structural possibilities
S
NP
VP
VP
Aux
he
AdvP
had
VP
Manner
NP
clearly
V
it was clearly that he saw us
seen
us
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Finiteness
Finite verb forms tense marked
Non-finite verb forms -tense marked
Present (-s form) walk, break walks, breaks
Infinitive walk, break
Past participle (-en form) walked, broken
Past (-ed form) walked, broke
Present participle (-ing form) walking, breaking
Neither finite nor non-finite imperative walk,
break
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Finite and non-finite clauses
finite clause a clause that contains a finite
verb form
the pilot landed the plane safely the pilot has
landed the plane safely
non-finite clause a clause that does not
contain a finite verb form
To land his plan safely is a pilots first
priority Having landed the plane safely, the
pilot collapsed The plane safely landed, the
passengers rushed out
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Finite clause
S
VP
NP
AdvP
NP
V
the pilot
landed
safely
the plane
has landed
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Non-
Finite clause
finite
S
1
Clause
Subject
S
VP
NP
2
is
VP
NP
a pilot's
first priority
V
NP
AdvP
Ø
safely
To land
his plane
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Finite clause
Non-finite clause
S
1
Adjunct
S
NP
VP
2
collapsed
the pilot
VP
NP
NP
AdvP
V
the pilot
safely
the plane
Having landed
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Non-
Finite clause
finite
S
1
Clause
Adjunct
S
NP
VP
2
the passengers
rushed out
VP
NP
V
AdvP
The plane
landed
safely