Cell Differentiation

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Cell Differentiation

• Chapter 4, Section 4

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What changes are taking place as the eggs become
frogs?
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• The cell theory states that cells are produced
  from other cells
• When a cell divides by mitosis it produces two
  daughter cells with identical sets of
  chromosomes.
• SO, HOW DO THESE CELLS BECOME DIFFERENT FROM ONE
  ANOTHER?

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DIFFERENTIATION

• The process by which cells change in structure
  and become capable of carrying out specialized
  functions.
• As cells differentiate they
• -become different
• -form groups
• -groups form tissues organs

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Differences in Structure Function

• A single cell becomes an organism with
  specialized structures
• These specialized structures allow them to carry
  out specialized functions

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Leaves are responsible for photosynthesis so
their cells contain chloroplasts
Root cells do not perform photosynthesis so they
do not contain chloroplasts
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Tissues, Organs and Systems
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Increasingly Specialized Cells

• Some cells get more specialized as an organism
  develops
• Ex Retina contains 2 types of cells
• Rods- function in dim light, cant detect color
• Cones need brighter light, do detect color
• Cells of Retina develop early but the rods and
  cones differentiate later

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Differentiation in Animal Cells

• Some animals cells can differentiate to grow back
  an injured body part

A new tail grew next to the injured one
Some crustaceans can regrow a lost limb
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Plant cell differentiation

• Plants have ability to grow throughout their life
• Cells undergo rapid cell division and
  differentiation
• Leads to growth of new roots, stems, leaves

You can cut a stem from some plants and plant it
and it will grow into a new plant
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STEM CELLS

• Human stem cells can differentiate throughout
  life
• They respond to different needs in the body
• Ex need a constant supply of blood cells
• Stem cells produce these everyday

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STEM CELLS

• More information about stem cells here
• stem cell website