Biology 1406 Lab Practical II Review

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Biology 1406Lab Practical II Review

• Fermentation
• Photosynthesis
• Cell Cycle
• Models and slides of mitosis
• DNA Structure and Gene Expression
• DNA Fingerprinting
• DNA Extraction

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Alcohol Fermentation

• Alternate metabolic pathway
• Who? When?
• Oxidation of glucose, reduction of NAD
• Anaerobic
• Organic final electron acceptor. What is it?
• Energy yield from glycolysis stage only. How
  much?
• CO2 and Ethanol produced
• Maximum rate achieved with optimum reaction
  conditions and suitable substrate
• Review role of temperature, substrates,
  effect of diastase, and parameter measured
  during experiment

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Photosynthesis

• Relate the visible spectrum to the role of
  chlorophyll
• Relate refraction, reflection, transmission, and
  absorption to color and pigment
• Locate the reactions of photosynthesis within the
  plant
• Label tissues, cells, organelles involved
• Assign stages of photosynthesis to structures of
  the chloroplast
• Describe the role of cuticle, stomata, and
  vascular tissue (the veins)

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Leaf
Plant cell
Label structures
Chloroplast
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Plant cell mitosis
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Plant cell mitosis(name the phases and label
structures)

• Sequence and name the phases.
• Label visible structures, including
• Nuclear envelope
• Nucleolus
• Mitotic spindle
• Cell plate
• Chromosomes

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Animal cell mitosis
Label structures and phases
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Animal cell cytokinesis

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Plant cell cytokinesis
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Identify the phases of the cell cycle as seen in
the root tip of Allium
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DNA Structure and Function

• Identify the monomer of DNA as a nucleotide
• Know the 3 components of each nucleotide and how
  they are bonded together
• Know the 4 different nitrogenous bases
• Purines and Pyrimidines
• Know the complementary base pairs

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Replication

• Know the enzymes involved and their role
• Helicase
• DNA polymerase
• DNA ligase
• Relate the anti-parallel structure to the
  leading strand lagging strand synthesis
• What is an Okazaki Fragment?
• Describe semi-conservative replication

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Protein Synthesis

• Define and recognize Transcription
• List 3 ways RNA differs from DNA
• List 3 functional types of RNA (and the function)

• Define and recognize Translation
• Location and organelle
• Use the CODON table to choose amino acids
• Know the complementary anti-codon and where it is
  found
• Describe the effect of mutation

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DNA Fingerprinting

• Review the terms associated with DNA Technology
• Know the region and the nature of the DNA used in
  Fingerprinting
• How does the DNA of 2 individuals differ?
• Know the enzyme used to cut DNA, the binding site
  (of the enzyme to the DNA), and the fragments
  produced
• Relate the various sizes to Gel Electrophoresis
• How many bands of DNA are visible?
• What pulls the DNA fragments through the gel?
• In what direction do they move? Why?

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DNA Extraction

• Review the handout and the reagents used
• Know the role of each
• Detergent is surfactant, opens membrane. Why?
• Meat tenderizer composed of proteases. What?
• Ethanol precipitates DNA. How?