SS GOSS S GS S

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• OWL

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RDF-RDFS Limitations

• Binary ground predicates
• Only subclass subproperty hierarchy
• Domain and range definitions

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RDF doesnt support

• Local scope of properties.
• Disjointness of classes.
• Boolean combinations of classes.
• Cardinality restrictions.
• Special characteristics of properties.

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OWL

• OWL Full fully compatible with RDF
• OWL DL efficient reasoning
• OWL Lite easier to grasp/implement

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OWL Header

• ltrdfRDF
• xmlnsowl "http//www.w3.org/2002/07/owl"
• xmlnsrdf "http//www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-synt
  ax-ns"
• xmlnsrdfs"http//www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema
  "
• xmlnsxsd "http//www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema"gt

ltowlOntology rdfabout""gt ltrdfscommentgtAn
example OWL ontologylt/rdfscommentgt ltowlpriorVer
sion rdfresource"http//www.mydomain.org/uni-n
s-old"/gt ltowlimports rdfresource"http//www.
mydomain.org/persons"/gt ltrdfslabelgtUniversity
Ontologylt/rdfslabelgt lt/owlOntologygt
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Class Element
ltowlClass rdfID"associateProfessor"gt ltrdfssub
ClassOf rdfresource"academicStaffMember"/gt lt/ow
lClassgt
Disjointness
ltowlClass rdfabout"associateProfessor"gt ltowl
disjointWith rdfresource"professor"/gt ltowldis
jointWith rdfresource"assistantProfessor"/gt lt/o
wlClassgt
Equivalence
ltowlClass rdfID"faculty"gt ltowlequivalentClass
rdfresource"academicStaffMember"/gt lt/owlClass
gt
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Predefined Classes
every class is a subclass of owlThing every
class is a superclass of owlNothing
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Properties

• Object properties,
• relates objects to other objects
• Data type properties,
• relates objects to data type values

ltowlDatatypeProperty rdfID"age"gt
ltrdfsrange rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/2001/X
MLSchemanonNegativeInteger"/gt lt/owlDatatypePrope
rtygt
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID"isTaughtBy"gt ltrdfsdo
main rdfresource"course"/gt ltrdfsrange
rdfresource"academicStaffMember"/gt ltrdfssubPr
opertyOf rdfresource"involves"/gt lt/owlObjectPr
opertygt
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Inverse Properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID"teaches"gt ltrdfsrange
rdfresource"course"/gt ltrdfsdomain
rdfresource"academicStaffMember"/gt ltowlinvers
eOf rdfresource"isTaughtBy"/gt lt/owlObjectPrope
rtygt
Equivalent Properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID"lecturesIn"gt ltowlequ
ivalentProperty rdfresource"teaches"/gt lt/owlOb
jectPropertygt
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Property Restrictions
ltowlClass rdfabout"firstYearCourse"gt ltrdfssu
bClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlonProperty
rdfresource"isTaughtBy"/gt ltowlallValuesFrom
rdfresource"Professor"/gt lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/rdfssubClassOfgt lt/owlClassgt Every person
that teaches a first Year Course is a professor
(universal restriction) First-year courses are
taught by professors only
ltowlClass rdfabout"mathCourse"gt ltrdfssubClas
sOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlonProperty
rdfresource"isTaughtBy"/gt ltowlhasValue
rdfresource"949318"/gt lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/r
dfssubClassOfgt lt/owlClassgt Mathematics Courses
are taught only by professor 949318
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Property Restrictions
ltowlClass rdfabout"academicStaffMember"gt
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlo
nProperty rdfresource"teaches"/gt ltowlsomeValu
esFrom rdfresource"undergraduateCourse"/gt
lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/rdfssubClassOfgt lt/owl
Classgt For every academic Staff member there
exists an undergraduate course that is taught by
him (existential restriction) All academic staff
members must teach at least one undergraduate
course
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Cardinality Restriction
ltowlClass rdfabout"course"gt
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"isTaught
By"/gt ltowlminCardinality
rdfdatatype"xsdnonNegativeInteger"gt 1
lt/owlminCardinalitygt
lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/rdfssubClassOfgt lt/owlC
lassgt A course is taught by at least one Person
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Cardinality Restriction
ltowlClass rdfabout"department"gt
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlonProperty rdfresource"hasMember"/gt
ltowlminCardinality rdfdatatype"xsdnonNega
tiveInteger"gt 10
lt/owlminCardinalitygt lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/rdfssubClassOfgt ltrdfssubClassOfgt
ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlonProperty
rdfresource"hasMember"/gt
ltowlmaxCardinality rdfdatatype"xsdnonNegative
Integer"gt 30
lt/owlmaxCardinalitygt lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/rdfssubClassOfgt lt/owlClassgt A department
must have at least 10 members but no more than
30.
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Special Properties

• owlTransitiveProperty
• is taller than, or is ancestor of
• owlSymmetricProperty
• is sibling of.
• owlFunctionalProperty
• a property that has at most one value for each
  object
• owlInverseFunctionalProperty
• a property for which two different objects
  cannot have the same value

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Special Properties
ltowlObjectProperty rdfID"hasSameGradeAs"gt ltrdf
type rdfresource"owlTransitiveProperty"
/gt ltrdftype rdfresource"owlSymmetricProperty
" /gt ltrdfsdomain rdfresource"student"
/gt ltrdfsrange rdfresource"student"
/gt lt/owlObjectPropertygt
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Boolean Combinations
ltowlClass rdfabout"course"gt
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlClassgt
ltowlcomplementOf rdfresource"staffMember"/gt
lt/owlClassgt lt/rdfssubClassOfgt lt/owlClas
sgt ltowlClass rdfID"peopleAtUni"gt
ltowlunionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"staffMember"/gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"student"/gt
lt/owlunionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
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Boolean Combinations
ltowlClass rdfID"facultyInCS"gt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"faculty"/gt
ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlonProperty
rdfresource"belongsTo"/gt
ltowlhasValue rdfresource"CSDepartment"/gt
lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/owlintersectionOfgt lt/ow
lClassgt
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Boolean Combinations
ltowlClass rdfID"adminStaff"gt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"staffMember"/gt
ltowlClassgt ltowlcomplementOfgt
ltowlClassgt ltowlunionOf
rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"faculty"/gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"techSupportStaff"/gt
lt/owlunionOfgt
lt/owlClassgt lt/owlcomplementOfgt
lt/owlClassgt lt/owlintersectionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
administrative staff are those staff members
that are neither faculty nor technical support
staff
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Enumerations
ltowlClass rdfID"weekdays"gt ltowloneOf
rdfparseType"Collection"gt ltowlThing
rdfabout"Monday"/gt ltowlThing
rdfabout"Tuesday"/gt ltowlThing
rdfabout"Wednesday"/gt ltowlThing
rdfabout"Thursday"/gt ltowlThing
rdfabout"Friday"/gt ltowlThing
rdfabout"Saturday"/gt ltowlThing
rdfabout"Sunday"/gt lt/owloneOfgt lt/owlClassgt

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Instances (RDF)
ltrdfDescription rdfID"949352"gt ltrdftype
rdfresource"academicStaffMember"/gt lt/rdfDescri
ptiongt or ltacademicStaffMember
rdfID"949352"/gt We can also provide further
details, such as ltacademicStaffMember
rdfID"949352"gt ltuniage rdfdatatype"xsdi
nteger"gt39lt/uniagegt lt/academicStaffMembergt
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Instances (RDF)
Just because two instances have a different name
or ID does not imply that they are different
individuals. To ensure that different
individuals are indeed recognized as such, we
must explicitly assert their inequality ltlecture
r rdfID"949318"gt ltowldifferentFrom
rdfresource"949352"/gt lt/lecturergt to state
the inequality of a large number of
individuals ltowlAllDifferentgt
ltowldistinctMembers rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltlecturer rdfabout"949318"/gt
ltlecturer rdfabout"949352"/gt ltlecturer
rdfabout"949111"/gt lt/owldistinctMembersgt lt/
owlAllDifferentgt
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Layering of OWL

• OWL Full
• OWL DL
• Vocabulary partitioning.
• Explicit typing.
• Property separation.
• No transitive cardinality restrictions.
• Restricted anonymous classes.
• OWL Lite
• The constructors owloneOf, owldisjointWith,
  owlunionOf, owlcomplementOf, and owlhasValue
  are not allowed.
• Cardinality statements can only be made on the
  values 0 or 1 and no longer on arbitrary
  non-negative integers.
• owlequivalentClass statements can no longer be
  made between anonymous classes but only between
  class identifiers.

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• open-world assumption
• we may not deduce falsity from the absence of
  truth
• non-unique-name assumption
• Just because two instances have a different name
  or ID does not imply that they are different
  individuals

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?a?ade??µata ap? travel.owl
ltowlClass rdfID"Sunbathing"gt
ltrdfssubClassOfgt ltowlClass
rdfabout"Relaxation"/gt lt/rdfssubClassOfgt lt/
owlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID"QuietDestination"gt
ltowlequivalentClassgt ltowlClassgt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfID"Destination"/gt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlcomplementOfgt
ltowlClass rdfabout"FamilyDestination"/gt
lt/owlcomplementOfgt
lt/owlClassgt lt/owlintersectionOfgt
lt/owlClassgt lt/owlequivalentClassgt
ltrdfscomment rdfdatatype"http//www.w3.org/200
1/XMLSchemastring"gt A destination that
is not frequented by noisy families.
lt/rdfscommentgt lt/owlClassgt
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?a?ade??µata ap? travel.owl
ltowlClass rdfID"BackpackersDestinationgt
ltowlequivalentClassgt ltowlClassgt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"Destination"/gt
ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlonPropertygt
ltowlObjectProperty rdfabout"hasAccommodation"/
gt lt/owlonPropertygt
ltowlsomeValuesFromgt
ltowlClass rdfabout"BudgetAccommodation"/gt
lt/owlsomeValuesFromgt
lt/owlRestrictiongt
ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlsomeValuesFromgt
ltowlClassgt ltowlunionOf
rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"Sports"/gt
ltowlClass
rdfabout"Adventure"/gt
lt/owlunionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
lt/owlsomeValuesFromgt
ltowlonPropertygt
ltowlObjectProperty rdfabout"hasActivity"/gt
lt/owlonPropertygt
lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/owlintersectionOfgt
lt/owlClassgt lt/owlequivalentClassgt
ltrdfscomment rdfdatatype"http//www.w3.org/2001
/XMLSchemastring"gt A destination
that provides budget accommodation and offers
sport or adventure activities.
lt/rdfscommentgt lt/owlClassgt
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?a?ade??µata ap? african.owl
ltowlClass rdfabout"carnivore"gt
ltowlequivalentClassgt ltowlClassgt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlonPropertygt
ltowlTransitiveProperty rdfabout"is-part-of"/gt
lt/owlonPropertygt
ltowlsomeValuesFromgt ltowlClass
rdfabout"animal"/gt
lt/owlsomeValuesFromgt
lt/owlRestrictiongt ltowlClass
rdfabout"animal"/gt lt/owlintersectionOf
gt lt/owlClassgt lt/owlequivalentClassgt
lt/owlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID"herbivore"gt
ltowlequivalentClassgt ltowlClassgt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfID"animal"/gt
ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlsomeValuesFromgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlunionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfID"plant"/gt
ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlallValuesFromgt
ltowlClass rdfabout"plant"/gt
lt/owlallValuesFromgt
ltowlonPropertygt
ltowlTransitiveProperty rdfID"is-part-of"/gt
lt/owlonPropertygt
lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/owlunionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
lt/owlsomeValuesFromgt
ltowlonPropertygt ltowlObjectProperty
rdfID"eats"/gt lt/owlonPropertygt
lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/owlintersectionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
lt/owlequivalentClassgt lt/owlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID"lion"gt ltrdfssubClassOfgt
ltowlClass rdfID"carnivore"/gt
lt/rdfssubClassOfgt ltrdfssubClassOfgt
ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlallValuesFrom
rdfresource"herbivore"/gt
ltowlonPropertygt ltowlObjectProperty
rdfabout"eats"/gt lt/owlonPropertygt
lt/owlRestrictiongt lt/rdfssubClassOfgt
lt/owlClassgt
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?a?ade??µata ap? african.owl
ltowlObjectProperty rdfabout"eats"gt
ltowlinverseOfgt ltowlObjectProperty
rdfabout"eaten-by"/gt lt/owlinverseOfgt
ltrdfsdomain rdfresource"animal"/gt
lt/owlObjectPropertygt ltowlObjectProperty
rdfabout"eaten-by"gt ltowlinverseOf
rdfresource"eats"/gt ltrdfsrange
rdfresource"animal"/gt lt/owlObjectPropertygt
ltowlTransitiveProperty rdfabout"is-part-of"gt
ltrdftype rdfresource"http//www.w3.org/200
2/07/owlObjectProperty"/gt lt/owlTransitivePrope
rtygt
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?a?ade??µata ap? genrations.owl
ltowlClass rdfID"GrandFather"gt
ltowlequivalentClassgt ltowlClassgt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"Person"/gt
ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlonPropertygt
ltowlObjectProperty
rdfabout"hasChild"/gt
lt/owlonPropertygt ltowlsomeValuesFromgt
ltowlClassgt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"Person"/gt
ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlsomeValuesFrom rdfresource"Person"/gt
ltowlonPropertygt
ltowlObjectProperty rdfabout"hasChild"
/gt lt/owlonPropertygt
lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/owlintersectionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
lt/owlsomeValuesFromgt
lt/owlRestrictiongt ltowlRestrictiongt
ltowlonPropertygt
ltowlFunctionalProperty rdfID"hasSex"/gt
lt/owlonPropertygt ltowlhasValuegt
ltSex rdfID"MaleSex"/gt
lt/owlhasValuegt lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/owlintersectionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
lt/owlequivalentClassgt lt/owlClassgt
ltowlClass rdfID"Sibling"gt
ltowlequivalentClassgt ltowlClassgt
ltowlintersectionOf rdfparseType"Collection"gt
ltowlClass rdfabout"Person"/gt
ltowlRestrictiongt ltowlsomeValuesFrom
rdfresource"Person"/gt
ltowlonPropertygt ltowlSymmetricPrope
rty rdfabout"hasSibling"/gt
lt/owlonPropertygt lt/owlRestrictiongt
lt/owlintersectionOfgt lt/owlClassgt
lt/owlequivalentClassgt lt/owlClassgt