Human Rights In Sudan

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Human Rights In Sudan A- H- Ali Ahmed Al_Neelain
University
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The geography of Sudan
The Sudan is a wide country that covers
approximately two millions square kilomatres.
Under the privilege of area and location it
enjoys different climatic zones, including the
desert, semi-desert, poor and rich savana and
equitoria. The significance of this variation has
led to diversification of mode of life among
inhabitants, and hence different interests that
generate conflicts and violations.
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The Ethnicity in Sudan
The country is also a multi- ethnic one,
comprising 572 ethnic groups speaking more than
one hundred languages. However, Arabic language
is spontaneously chosen by these groups as media
of communication. Hence, this instance resembles
a point of intersection of all groups where they
culturally come together. It also reflects, unity
in diversity, a general characteristics of the
country.
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Violations in freedom of expression
Freedom of expression and privacy rights may be
violated often by some official apparatus in
their search to restore social stability and
order, nonetheless they often find careful
listening and questioning in the parliament for
example, and find way to fair trail. Media
freedom leads sometimes to violate human right,
and in such cases they are subject to fair trial
by the regulation, that the journalist themselves
took part and participated in designing it .
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Discrimination in job appointment
Discrimination to job appointment is often
touched and remarked due to violation of some
managers or officials who are subject to
punishment were their enactment discovered or
known as willful and deliberate act.
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The tribal conflicts
The general characteristics of life style in the
Sudan is farming and keeping animal stock
transhumance. The movement of the latter group
into the land called Diyar of the former rises
most often many conflicts, whether individual
ones rated to tribal (group) or groups
conflicts. These tribal conflicts lead to
different human right violation ranging from
seriously body harm, killing, burning villages,
confiscation of assists, taking and killing
animals, spoil farms and generate forcible
relocations of inhabitants. In all, water and
land are, therefore, the main reasons for human
right violation.
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War in the South
The Southerners since early 1950s asked for
federation for the sake of intense power sharing.
Although the demand can serve to bring in
stabization. And solidify Sudans unity by
restoring peace and bring in a degree of
confidence among parties. Being influenced by
Egyptian conception that federation is the
initial step for separation, the government of
the Sudan refused the demand. A fact that led to
the continuation of wars and human right
violation. The conception that led to refusal of
southerners proposal for federation is now
refuted especially after Nifasha Agreement 2005.
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Darfur War
The society Darfur is a multi- ethnic
region. The long period of co- existence of
groups led them to intermingle through
intermarriages and groups agreements or bounds.
They closely resemble each other in many
traditions however, the mode of life divides
them culturally into two distinct groups The
normds and the farmers.
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The conflict
The nomads are culturally Bedwin and Arabized.
These terms do not imply any ethnic roots, as for
example the fulbe tribe (Fallata) who are
ethnically African are considered Arabized group
according to their mode of subsistence. Similar
instances can be traced among the Beja group of
Eastern Sudan. The conflicts between group are,
therefore, based on competition on natural
resources pasture, water and land the cradle and
symbol of originality and power and the resource
for agriculture (i-e subsistence and wealth).

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The official reports about human rights
violation

• We try here to describe briefly samples of
  official reporting's on human rights
  indicators in Sudan. The main sources of these
  reports are the advisory council of human
  rights 5, the central bureau of statistics
  3, the security complaints office reports
  and the international covenant on civil and
  political rights reports 4. There are similar
  reports for the rights of child 6, rights of
  the woman,.. Which have special international
  committees.

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Indicators of the First Type

• All these reports deal with the indicators of the
  first type. Those are, indicators which are
  purely and uniquely for human rights. For the
  second type of indicators, the socio economic
  indicators related to human rights, the main
  source is the statistical office (central bureau
  of statistics).

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Aim of The Sudan Case

• The main aim of this part of the paper is to
  present samples from these different reports and
  evaluate their relevance, accuracy and
  sufficiency.

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Summary of the Sudan international covenant
reports

• It tooks that reports of States parties to the
  committee of international covenant an civil
  and political rights have standard format. If we
  look to the Sudan report of 2006 it starts by
  responding to the concluding observations of the
  committee on Sudan previous report (2005 report).
  Then the report begins with giving geographical
  and demographic background. That is important to
  reflect the minorities (cultural, in ethnical,
  religion,)and the population variations within
  the different reigns in the state .Then the
  report present the legal and constitutional
  commitments to human rights in the State. Finally
  the report displays some statistical data on
  human rights indicators with concentration as
  civil and political rights.

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Samples from the advisory council report

• The advisory council for human rights report
  consists mainly of complaints and how have
  been dealt with.

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First Complaints on Human Rights Violations

• Human Rights Violations in Sudan.The Complaints
  Committee at the ACHR held a number of meetings
  during 2006 for the sole purpose of looking into
  such complaints. The complaints varied from ones
  on disputes over housing to land ownerships to
  complaints by individuals. They can be summed up
  as follows
• 1- 16 complaints related to housing and land
  disputes and
• procedures taken to solve them.
• 2- 33 complaints by individuals and the
  necessary procedures
• for solving them.
• 3- 27 complaints by individuals have been
  revoked for
• irrelevance. The details of these
  complaints are found in
• the report 5.

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Second Urgent Appeals

• The ACHR received during the year 2006 several
  urgent appeals by individuals and foreign
  organizations working in the HR, alleging
  existence of Human Rights violation in Sudan.
  The ACHR took the necessary procedures and
  sent responses to urgent appeals along with
  the ones still under procedure and
  follow-up process with the view to
  responding to them. The details of these
  appeals are found in the report 5.

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• Samples from the Central Bureau of Statistics
  Reports 3

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The Statistical Year Book

• The statistical office reports relevant to human
  rights may be found mainly in the statistical
  year book ( judiciary and crimes chapter)
  and other publications on socio economic
  statistics.

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The MDGS

• The most important source for the socio
  economic indicators is the comprehensive family
  health survey where all MDG indicators are
  found.

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Complaints Against Security Members

• There are also some statistical reports
  presented by the security complaints office to
  the central bureau of statistics and are
  presented in its website3. We see for example
  in that report the total number of complaints
  against their staff was were 232 and the
  total number of detainees were 164. The details
  of all these cases are used to be presented to
  the advisory council of human rights for
  investigations and discussions.

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The Comprehensive Family Health Survey

• Some of this data is displayed on the statistical
  office website 3. One of the most important
  source of information about human rights
  social indictors and specifically the MDGs
  indictors is the comprehensive family health
  survey. The results of this survey, which was
  implemented in Sudan last year, are presented on
  the central bureau of statistics website 3. A
  summary of the MDG indictors is presented
  as appendix at end of this paper. A comparison
  between the different States and between the
  urban and rural areas were made. The
  results have shown how much the rural
  areas were ignored in Sudan compared with urban
  areas and how much some States were
  marginalized compared with others.

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Problem and Solution -

• We may observe from the presented case of
  Sudan, (like many other African countries) that
  data for human rights indicators are badly
  organized, highly scattered and ill-managed.
  Strict implementation of the model presented
  in Part (1) of this paper may help in
  solving such problems.

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Integrating into Statistical Year Book

• However a quick improving can be done by
  establishing a separate chapter on human
  rights statistics in the statistical year
  book of each country. We mean here statistics
  of the first type of indictors (uniquely human
  rights). That will bring all the scattered data
  on that type of human rights indictors in one
  place. Hence will be well presented and easy to
  follow and compare

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Violations Reports

• regular reports on human rights cases related to
  the police, security department, courts, civil
  services commission, cultural department,
  election commission, health department, education
  department .. etc, should be transferred to the
  statistical office. These reports should include
  the number of cases and the number of reactions
  to each case classified by region, ethnicity,
  religion.etc.

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The Sources

• The sources of these reports could be collected
  from these concerned departments, or from
  official monitoring organizations such as the
  advisory council of human rights, the
  parliaments and also from nonofficial bodies such
  as civil society organizations, the media, the
  universities and research centers.

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The Complaints Offices

• For the concerned departments (mentioned
  above ) we may suggest to have a public
  complaints office in each department. The
  role of this office is to accept the
  complaints study them and sort them. If
  there are some complaints relate to human
  rights violations, (for e.g ethnic, religious,
  regional, gender, political discrimination)
  they need to be highly considered. Then this
  office or anther office in the department
  should be responsible of the follow up. A
  report of these cases, how long has taken to
  deal with and how have been dealt with
  should be transferred to the central bureau
  of statistics through the advisory council
  of human rights or directly. Similar
  mechanism can be established for the other
  concerned organizations (official or nonofficial.

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4. Conclusion

• To conclude that a lot of work and effort
  are needed in order to establish a good
  system for quantities human rights
  indicators in Sudan and African countries.
• First bounds and clear definitions of all
  needed indicators (the matrices) should be
  done. Then an efficient mechanism which
  guarantees the accuracy, consistency,
  reliability and regular reporting of theses
  indicators should be established. And finally
  a central body such as the national
  statistical office should be responsible for
  presentation and disseminations of these
  indicators in regular basis.