THE CULTIVATION

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THE CULTIVATION OF JATROPHA
CURCAS- RATANJYOT Use of BIO DIESEL AS
BIOFUEL In INDIAN RAILWAY -RP Saxena
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NEED
. The crude oil requirement of country is 115
MT , out of which 75 is being
imported at a cost of Rs 120000 cr.
Import is expected to go up to 90 of the
requirement by 2015 if alternate source of
fuelis not used . Fast depletion of sources of
rock fuel. . Fast increase in the demand of
fuel . Increase in crude oil prices. . To
produce our own fuel to meet growing demand
Need of hour is to find out ALTERNATIVE SOURCE
of fuel which is RENEWABLE and
SUSTAINABLE
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JATROPHA BIOFUEL In 1895 Dr. Rudolf Diesel
run first diesel engine with PEANUT OIL in
Paris. BIO FUEL Oil/Fat that is extracted
from a plant or animal
origin BIO DIESEL Alkyl ester of fatty acid made
from vegetable oil and
animal fat BIO FUEL can be produced either from
edible oil or non edible oil There is no surplus
of edible oil hence biofuel need to be produced
from non edible oil .
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JATROPHA BIOFUEL

• Oil yielding plants and trees that grow both in
  the wild and can be domesticated.
• Pongamia, Jatropha, Neem , Mahua, Sal Undi ,Pelu
  etc.
• Jatophaa and Pongamia have 30 to 40 of oil and
  have been considered the best option. One tonne
  of oil can be extracted from 3t of seeds

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What we need in a plant

• . Low demand in term of cultivation, land ,
  
• water, soil type and
  weather.
• . Non edible leaves and fruit which stops
• tresspassing, animal
  browsing but
• can be used as rich
  fertilizer.
• . A Nut which has high oil content can be used
• for any energy purposes and in
  medicine
• . Wooden part which can be used reforestation
• home for birds,
  firewood etc.

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JATROPHA BIOFUEL
Comman Name Ratanjyot It belong to the
family of Euphorb (Euphorbiaceae) contain milky
sap that can irritate skin and extremely painful
when reaches eyes. Considered poisonous if
ingested. Vernacular Name English Physic nut
, Purging nut Sanskrit Kananerand ,
Parvataranda Hindi Safederand ,
Jangliarandi Kannada Kadaharalu ,
Karnocchi Telugu Nepalamu ,
Adaviamidamu Tamil Ad dalai ,
Katamanakku Marathi Moglierrand ,
Chandrajyot Gujrati Ratanjyot , Jamalgota

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JATROPHA BIOFUEL

• Plants Description
• . Large evergreen hardy shrub.
• . 2 to 4m height with smooth grayish
• green bark which excude a whitish latex.
• . Reddish or green leaves of size 4-8 to
  5-15 cm
• . Very small flowers , greenish yellow to
  pink
• to cream.
• . Fruit is fresh green to yellow when ripe
• without pulp.
• . Seed is ovoid black capsule, non lustrous,
  2 to 3 in each fruit
• . Dry seed contain 30 oil by weight.

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JATROPHA BIOFUEL

• Plants Description
• . Large evergreen hardy shrub.
• 4 to 5 m height with smooth grayish
• green bark which excude a whitish latex.
• . Reddish or green leaves.
• . Very small flowers , greenish yellow to
  
• pink to cream.
• . Fruit is fresh green to yellow when ripe
• without pulp.
• . Seed is ovoid black capsule, non
• lustrous, 2 to 3 in each fruit
• . Dry seed contain 30 oil by weight.

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JATROPHA BIOFUEL

• Native Tropical America Plant.
• It is found in tropic and sub tropic region.
  Distributed in semi wild region in the vicinity
  of towns and villages and also grown by hedges
  throughout India

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JATROPHA BIOFUEL

• Soil and Climatic conditions
• .Well adopted plant to harsh conditions of soil
  and
• climate.
• . Require very little water, can survive long
  period
• of dryness.
• . Hot and humid weather is preferred.
• . Can grow almost anywhere even on gravely
• sandy and saline soil. Crevices of rocks.
• . Can also be grown in wasteland and
  waterlogged
• area.

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• " The use of Vegetable oils (Bio Diesel) for
  engine may seem insignificant today. But such
  oils may become in course of time as important as
  Petroleum and Coal tar products of the present
  time"                                            
                     - Rudolf Diesel , 1912

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JATROPHA BIOFUEL

• Suitable for low rainfall area.
• Suitable for high rainfall area.
• Desert area with drip irrigatiom.
• Suitable for plantation at along the road side,
  canals , railway track, border of farmer field
  as boundary fence.
• Reclaim waste land in forest.

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JATROPHA BIOFUEL

• PROPATION
• (A) DIRECT WITH SEED
• . Sun dried seed within 30 t0 90 days.
• . Either in poly bags or directly in
  field.
• . Seed sowing in pit of size 1x1x1
  (2to4) at a
• spacing of 2mx2m.
• . 2 weeks for germination and after 2
  months
• healthiest should retained.
• . After monsoon add 10 gm urea per pit
  in interval of 15 days
• 2 to 3 times for better yield.
• . In polybags initial watering with
  drainage is
• required after 2 months transferred to
  the pit
• . About 2500 nos sapling can be planted
  in 1 ha.

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JATROPHA BIOFUEL

• (B) Propagation with cutting.
• . Should be done well before rainy season
• before mother plant begins to sprout.
• . Cut near base of branch , .75 to 1m long
  2 to
• 3 cm thick, healthy grayish appearance.
• . Twig should be cut straight, smooth.
• . Cutting can directly be planted in pits.
• Establishment of hedges, control erosion
  cutting
• With better rainfall conditions seedling

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Pruning and Cultivation management

• Plants need to produce side shoots.
• Bet. 90 to 120 days , cut the top off clearly to
  produce 8 to 10 side branches.
• Repeat the same if required in first year. There
  is no seed production in first year.
• In second year maintenance and pruning is
  required. Plants should be allowed to grow on
  side branches.
• In third year, Establish vegetable growth and
  strong root system. There might not be any
  fruiting.
• Fourth year onwards seed production starts
  increasing.
• Start stabilising from 5th to 7th year onwards.
• Each plants yields about 3 to 4 kg of seeds.
• As many as 3 harvests a year are possible.
• Life span of 40 to 45 years.
• Annually one hectare of land will give 3 t of
  seeds with yield of 1 tonnes of oil

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Yield

• Function of
• . Water
• . Nutrients
• . Heat
• . Age of plants
• Yield can be enhanced with right balance of cost,
  yield and finally cost per MT

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YIELD ( Kg per plant)
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Processing and handling

• Seeds are oily and do not store long.
• Seeds older than 15 months ,viability below 50.
• Transported in open bags to processing site
• Dried preferably under shad until all the fruits
  have opened.
• Dried to low moisture content (5 to 7)
• Seperated from fruits and cleaned and stored in
  air tight container.
• At room temp seeds can retain high viability
  for one year

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USES

• Analysis of the Jatropha seed shows the following
  chemical composition
• - Moisture 6.20 - Protein 18.00 - Fat 38.00
  - Carbohydrates 17.00 - Fiber 15.50 - Ash
  5.30
• . The oil contains 21 saturated fatty acids and
  79 unsaturated fatty acids.There are some
  chemical elements in the seed which are poisonous
  and render the oil not appropriate for human
  consumption.

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The comparison of properties of Jatropha oil and
standard specifications of diesel oil
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Uses

• Bio-fuel usage
• .High value of density, flash point,
  lubricity and calorific value.
• . Readily mix with high speed diesel (5 to
  20)
• . Transesterified to make bio-diesel

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Uses

• Medicinal properties
• . Contains alkaloid JATROPHINE which is
  having anti cancerous properties.
• . The leaves, seed and oil have purgative
  properties.
• . The bark and twigs are used to cure
  rheumatism,scabbies and other skin dieses.
• . Twigs also used for datuan.

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Uses

• Other uses
• . To light domestic lamps.
• .Excellent fence, hedge plants as cattles
  donot brows it
• .Yield good quality of green litter(leaf
  shed) excellent organic manure as the content of
  N,K, P are high. The manure is special benefit to
  coconut plantation.
• . High saponification value, used in making
  soap, glycerine, candle and cosmetic
• . Organic insecticide in the field when
  diluted with warm water.
• . Deoiled cake is rich in protein and
  carbohydrate , after seperation of toxin can be
  used in poultry/animal feed.

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Uses.

• Extremely beneficial for environment as it
  produce oxygen and remove carbon dioxide by
  storing carbon in the form of pulp/wood
• Capable of converting waste land into agriculture
  land.
• Out of above its utility for land protection ,
  energy use and environmental improvement are
  sufficient reasons to launch a massive drive for
  Jatropha plantation.

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Real cost analysis ( per Ha)
. Cost of making the pit (1x1x1) . Rs.
2500 (one man _at_Rs. 100) . Cost of seed. 5
kg. _at_Rs. 30 Per kg.. Rs. 150
(1200 t0 1400 seeds per Kg.) . Cost of manure (
13 kg. urea25kg compost) Rs.1000 (5
gm urea10 gm Desi khad per pit 3 to 4 times
after monsoon, urea _at_Rs.15 per kg. composr _at_
Rs.2 per kg.) .
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Real cost analysis ( per Ha)

• Watering..Rs. 5000
• (_at_ 2 lit per plants, every 15 days
• after monsoon for 8 months)
• 5000 lit per month 40000 lit total
• (_at_Rs.500 per tanker of 10000 lit)
• Other Misc Rs. 1450
• (include collection of
• seed etc.)
• TOTAL.Rs. 10000
• ( Rs. 4.00 per plant per year)

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Real cost analysis ( per Ha)

• Expenditure..Rs.10000
• Earning
• . 2nd year.. Rs.62500
• (1.00x2500x25)
• . 3rd year....Rs. 78125
• (1.25x2500x25)
• . 4th year. Rs. 109375
• (1.75x2500x25)
• . 5th year Rs. 125000

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Why Biodiesel on Rlys

• Indian Railways uses 2billion lit of diesel oil
  annually costing about Rs 6000cr
• Even 10 blending with bio-diesel will results in
  saving of 600 Cr per annum.
• Railways has about 4.4 mn ha of surplus land
  along the track which can be used for Jatropha
  plantation.
• First successful trial was conducted on 31 Dec02
  by running Shatabdi between New
• Delhi Amritsar by 5 blending.
• Trial are also done with 10 blending with
  encouraging results

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Bio-Diesel Indian Railways

• First successful trial was conducted in 31ST
  Dec02 by running Shatabdi between NewDelhi
  Amritsar having 5 blending
• S.Rly, 4 DMUs and 2 MG pass(Tiruchi-TanjorePondi
  cherry Tirupati pass(19th aug 2006) locos are
  running by Bio diesel having 5 blending.
• YDM4 6225 runs on 10 blending
• S Rly also runs 4 road vehicle on biodiesel
  produced by in-house plant of capacity 250 lit
  /day(cwm/locoworks,chennai)

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Trials testing of Biodiesel

• Delhi Amritsar Shatabdi Express was run on 5
  blend of biodiesel in December, 2002 in
  association with IOC
• Field trials of 10 biodiesel blend were also
  done on Lucknow Allahabad Jan Shatabdi
  Express also through association with IOC

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Indian Railways runs Shatabdi on biodiesel blend

• Shatabdi run from Delhi to Amritsar on 31st
  December 2002.
• Fuel used 5 blend of bio diesel
• Parameters monitored-
• Power
• Filters
• Fuel Injection Equipment

• Results
• No loss of hp, acceleration or any other problem
  observed during run.
• No unusual deposits observed on fuel filters.

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Follow-Up Field Trials

• Field Trial done on Lucknow-Allahabad Jan
  Shatabdi (2054/2053).
• 5 round trips of the train made using B10 blend.

• Field trial successful in terms of haulage and
  other performance characteristics.

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progress of implimentation

• Mass scale use could not progress due to
  non-availability of bio-diesel in the country.
• S Rly has recently floated tenders (28.12.06)
  for buying 30 t bio-diesel from open market

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Jatropha Plantation in Western Railways Rajkot
Divison

• By Indian oil co.
• Initially a plot of 52 Ha. was handed over to IOC
  2004 at THAN CHOTILA section and 3.5 Ha. at SUNR.
• IOC planted approx. 1.50 lacs of plants in year
  at a cost of about 1.0cr..Now seeds are being
  collected by IOC for extraction of oil
• Departmentally by railways..
• At other locations plantation was done
  departmentally in scattered and unorganised
  manner.
• The survival rate was not good in absence of
  arrangement of caring watering

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Plantation of jatropha by western Railway

• Plantation of jatropha started since last 3
  years.
• Initially it was un-organised effort survival
  was low.Watering is necessary for survival
• Now seed started coming at some of sites
• At present no systematic arrangement for seed
  collection

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PLANTATION IN RLYSRAJKOT DIVISION

• In January06 a team concept was developed and
  all the branch officers were involved in
  consultation of DRM.
• The project need not be civil engg oriented as
  plantation done by engg shall be used by mech.
  And saving in expenditure is reflected in Rly
  finance.

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PLANTATION IN RLYSRAJKOT DIVISION

• Vacant plot was identified and preparatory work
  was done by engg department incl. purchasing of
  seeds and preparation of saplings.
• Additional saplings were procured from forest
  department and Saurastra University.
• Sapling were procured initially from 1 Rs to 50
  Paise.
• Seeds were purchased _at_ Rs. 20 25 / Kg through
  quotation as well from imprest.

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PLANTATION IN RLYSRAJKOT DIVISION

• Following teams were formed and br. Officers were
  made responsible for plantation and caring of
  plants, under over all coordination of Sr. DEN
  (HQ) and targets were given as under
• Officer Area Target
• Sr.DEESr.DFM 250x150 July06
• Sr.DSTEDSC 150x100 July06
• SrDME 200x50 Aug06
• DEN(W) 150x100 Aug06

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PLANTATION IN RLYSRAJKOT DIVISION

• 25 Plantation was done by direct seedling after
  ploughing of land by tractor.
• 35 Plantation was done by developing nurseries
  for saplings in ADENs IOWs offices.
• 40 sapplings were purchased from forest deptt
  University.

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PLANTATION IN RLYSRAJKOT DIVISION

• Total five bore wells have been provided to cater
  the water need and water found suitable.(cost Rs
  4,20,000)
• Flexible pipes were purchased through quotation
  by guardian branch officer.
• Survival rate was very good ranging from 70 95
  .
• Out of 80000 plants 70000 are surviving in the
  division at loco colony RJT.

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PLANTATION IN RLYSRAJKOT DIVISION

• Plantation by contract was also tried first time
  in WR.
• Two contracts were floated each for plantation
  and maintenance of 2 lacs jatropha for three
  years _at_ Rs. 25 lacs each.
• Contract was awarded _at_ Rs 10.15 per plants
• One contractor failed and another succeeded
  because jatropha was a passion for him. Firm is
  M/s Herbal Agro ltd. Rajkot.

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Total cost of plantation

• Departmental
• No of plants in Rajkot divn100000
• Cost of 4 tube wells with pump 420000
  
• Cost of flexible pipes 45000
• Cost of ploughing(jcb 20days) 100000
• Cost of saplings ..45000
• Labour cost/plant(2500 man days)325000
• Total cost for 1 lakh plants 935000
• Cost per plants Rs 9.35
  

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Plantaion on ContractRAJKOT DIVISION

• A plot which was prone to encroachment measuring
  1 Km x 800 mts(80ha) near RJT loco colony
  adjoining to JAM Rd.
• 1.75 lacs of plantation has been done by the firm
  at this location through their developed saplings
  .
• Survival rate is about 90
• The payment for plantation _at_ Rs. 10 / plants
  spread in three years only for the surviving
  plants.

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Cost of plantation

• On contract
• Accepted rates are Rs 10 per surviving plant to
  be paid as under(surving plants are to be counted
  by meter every qrs to keep record)
• Ist year
• Digging Rs .6 per
  plants
• On plantation Rs 1.8 per
  plant
• After 3 month Rs .5 per plant
  every qr
• 2nd year Rs .5 per
  plant every qr
• 3rd year Rs .5 per
  plant every qr
• Arrangements for seeds collection need to be done
  separately by railways
• Daily about 30-50 kg collected (fallen )
• A proper system for seed utilisation is necessary

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Position today

• Growth of plants are very good seeds started
  coming in plants which were planted by railways
  .the site is in list of every visiting dignitary.
• Tree planted by IOC have dried as no care was
  done in last three year . As such no yield could
  be achieved
• No proper arrangement for harvesting of seeds but
  seeds are used for further plantation in WR
• Now subject is on low priorty

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Conclusion

• Plantation is very easy but should be done at
  nominated location in Mass area for economy in
  care harvesting
• Plantation do need care for first year in term of
  watering etc
• Harvesting transporation of harvested seed need
  to be planned
• Saving may not be as much as anticipated in view
  of low crude price of oil
• Scheme should be seen as social welfare green
  environment scheme trather than as fuel security
  economic scheme

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