Residential/Commercial Carbon Emissions

1
Residential/Commercial Carbon Emissions

• Nationally and on the Danforth Campus

2
Residential/Commericial Causality
3
Housing Occupancy
Housing Occupancy has gone from 5 people/house in
1900 to 2.7 people/house in 2000
4
House Size
5
Heating Energy Usage
6
Heating Energy Usage - Climate
7
Air Conditioning Energy Usage
8
Air Conditioning Energy Usage - Type
9
Air Conditioning Energy Usage - Climate
10
Electricity Carbon Emission Factor
11
Air Conditioning Causality
Cooling BTU/Sq ft. drastically reduced from 1990
and electric emissions slightly better mix
nationally therefore carbon emissions reduced
12
National Res/Com Electricity Use Summary
Blue- Base energy Use Fraction Pink Energy Use
Heat Yellow-Energy Use Cool
13
Appliances
14
Appliances
15
Linear Causality Model for Campus Carbon Emissions
Carbon/BTU
Fuel Cons.BTU/yr
C EmissionTon C/yr
/Student
Sq. Ft./
BTU/Sq.Ft.
PopulationStudents
Activities Expend./yr
Buildings Sq. Ft
Kw-hr/Sq.Ft.
Fuel Cons. BTU/yr
C Emission Ton C/yr
Electr. ConsKw-Hr/yr
BTU/Kw-hr
Carbon/BTU

• The carbon impact of on-campus energy is due to
  direct fuel consumption and indirectly from
  electricity use
• The overall carbon impact for on campus energy
  consumption has increased 50 from 1990-2007
• Electricity use contributed about 80 percent to
  the on-campus carbon impact

16
Danforth Campus Population

• The population is driven by student population
• From 1990-2005 the population has fluctuated with
  one decade of decline and one decade of growth.
• Overall there has been a 10 increase in student
  population

17
University Expenditures
60 increase
70 increase

• Expenditures adjusted for inflation include
  Instruction, Research, Academic, Student and
  Institutional support, Scholarships/Fellowships,
  and Operation and Maintenance of Physical Plant
• University Expenditures increased by 70 between
  1990-2005 Research expenditures increased by
  100 over the same time period.
• Expenditures are a measure of prosperity since
  the University cannot spend money that it doesnt
  have.

18
1990 vs. 2006 Main Campus Site Map
19
Monthly Total Fuel Use

• Monthly natural gas use on Danforth campus from
  1997 to 2007

20
Seasonal Fuel Use

• Fuel use peaks in the winter

21
Fuel Yearly Increase
-10
65

• Heating fuel use has decreased 10 since 1997

• Baseline fuel use has increased 65 since 1997

22
Fuel Use Compared to Building Area

• Fuel used per unit area for heating has
  decreased, 30 less fuel is used per unit area
• Baseline fuel use has increased 25 more than
  building area

23
Fuel Use Distribution

• Hot water heating requirements can easily be
  reduced
• Heating needs are major use of fuel and not
  easily reduced

• Residential area built in 2001

24
Monthly Total Electricity Use

• Monthly data for Danforth campus electricity use
• Data for 1996-2000 is incomplete and not shown
  above

25
Seasonal Electricity Use

• Electricity use peaks in the summer

26
Electricity Yearly Increase
60
40

• Baseline electricity use has increased 60 since
  1990

• Cooling electricity use has increased 40 since
  1990

27
Electricity Use Compared to Building Area

• Electricity used per unit area for cooling has
  not increased significantly
• Baseline electricity use has increased 15 more
  than building area
• Increase in baseline electricity use per unit
  area due to increased computer and electronics use

28
Electricity Use Distribution

• Electronic devices account for 25 of 2007
  electricity use

• Lighting and electronics account for a large
  portion of electricity use and reductions can
  easily be made in this area
• Reductions in cooling are more difficult to
  implement

29

• The student population increased only by 10
  since 1990
• However, the expenditures/student have increased
  by 60 percent
• The buildings/expenditure has barely changed and
  the increased expenditures were matched by 60
  growth in campus building area
• Neither the energy use/sq ft nor the C
  emission/energy use has changed much
• Hence, the key driver for the 60 carbon
  emission growth were the increased expenditures
  (prosperity) and the associated growth in the
  physical campus expansion.

30
On to the DUC

• What are the energy streams coming into the DUC
• What are the purposes of the DUC
• Food
• Offices
• ???
• How to apportion the total energy use to these
  purposes?